Transforming Clinical Research in the United States

Transforming Clinical Research in the United States
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 151
Release: 2010-10-22
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0309163358

An ideal health care system relies on efficiently generating timely, accurate evidence to deliver on its promise of diminishing the divide between clinical practice and research. There are growing indications, however, that the current health care system and the clinical research that guides medical decisions in the United States falls far short of this vision. The process of generating medical evidence through clinical trials in the United States is expensive and lengthy, includes a number of regulatory hurdles, and is based on a limited infrastructure. The link between clinical research and medical progress is also frequently misunderstood or unsupported by both patients and providers. The focus of clinical research changes as diseases emerge and new treatments create cures for old conditions. As diseases evolve, the ultimate goal remains to speed new and improved medical treatments to patients throughout the world. To keep pace with rapidly changing health care demands, clinical research resources need to be organized and on hand to address the numerous health care questions that continually emerge. Improving the overall capacity of the clinical research enterprise will depend on ensuring that there is an adequate infrastructure in place to support the investigators who conduct research, the patients with real diseases who volunteer to participate in experimental research, and the institutions that organize and carry out the trials. To address these issues and better understand the current state of clinical research in the United States, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation held a 2-day workshop entitled Transforming Clinical Research in the United States. The workshop, summarized in this volume, laid the foundation for a broader initiative of the Forum addressing different aspects of clinical research. Future Forum plans include further examining regulatory, administrative, and structural barriers to the effective conduct of clinical research; developing a vision for a stable, continuously funded clinical research infrastructure in the United States; and considering strategies and collaborative activities to facilitate more robust public engagement in the clinical research enterprise.

The Cancer Atlas

The Cancer Atlas
Author: Ahmedin Jemal
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2015
Genre: Cancer
ISBN: 9781604432282

This atlas illustrates the latest available data on the cancer epidemic, showing causes, stages of development, and prevalence rates of different types of cancers by gender, income group, and region. It also examines the cost of the disease, both in terms of health care and commercial interests, and the steps being taken to curb the epidemic, from research and screening to cancer management programs and health education.

Recent Advances in Cancer Research and Therapy

Recent Advances in Cancer Research and Therapy
Author: Xin-Yuan Liu
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 701
Release: 2012-05-18
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 012397836X

Cancer continues to be one of the major causes of death throughout the developed world, which has led to increased research on effective treatments. Because of this, in the past decade, rapid progress in the field of cancer treatment has been seen. Recent Advances in Cancer Research and Therapy reviews in specific details some of the most effective and promising treatments developed in research centers worldwide. While referencing advances in traditional therapies and treatments such as chemotherapy, this book also highlights advances in biotherapy including research using Interferon and Super Interferon, HecI based and liposome based therapy, gene therapy, and p53 based cancer therapy. There is also a discussion of current cancer research in China including traditional Chinese medicine. Written by leading scientists in the field, this book provides an essential insight into the current state of cancer therapy and treatment. Includes a wide range of research areas including a focus on biotherapy and the development of novel cancer therapeutic strategies. Formatted for a broad audience including all working in researching cancer treatments and therapies. Discusses special traits and results of Chinese cancer research.

Centers of the Cancer Universe

Centers of the Cancer Universe
Author: Donald L. Trump
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Total Pages: 313
Release: 2021-10-11
Genre: Health & Fitness
ISBN: 1538144905

A 2022 Choice Reviews Outstanding Academic Title An important history of the development of cancer centers of excellence and the revolution in cancer treatment. In the 1960s a coalition of concerned citizens, scientists and politicians joined forces to convince the federal government to focus its efforts on conquering cancer. The National Cancer Act of 1971 resulted and was signed into law on December 23, 1971 by President Nixon. The national “War on Cancer,” was declared with some leaders naively arguing that the disease would be conquered by the nation’s bicentennial—a mere five years in the future. Over the next five decades scientific discoveries demonstrated the great complexity of what had formerly been thought of as a single disease – with the advent of the genetic characterization of cancers, it is now recognized that there are almost an infinite number of cancers as defined by their many genetic mutations. The National Cancer Act established the infrastructure for the designation of centers by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and these centers have evolved into models of multidisciplinary, collaborative cancer research, treatment and prevention contributing to a reduction in cancer mortality and increase in quality of life and survival that has translated into more than 17 million cancer survivors in the United States in 2021. Centers of the Cancer Universe: A Half-Century of Progress Against Cancer tells the story of how cancer research was not front and center at most universities and research institutions before the National Cancer Act of 1971, and why many physicians were reluctant even to treat patients with cancer in the early 20th century. It follows the behind-the-scenes lobbying, resistance and negotiating that preceded signing the Act into law, and how the cancer centers of today came to fruition, and shaped how cancer research, clinical trials and treatment would be conducted.

Tumor Organoids

Tumor Organoids
Author: Shay Soker
Publisher: Humana Press
Total Pages: 225
Release: 2017-10-20
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3319605119

Cancer cell biology research in general, and anti-cancer drug development specifically, still relies on standard cell culture techniques that place the cells in an unnatural environment. As a consequence, growing tumor cells in plastic dishes places a selective pressure that substantially alters their original molecular and phenotypic properties.The emerging field of regenerative medicine has developed bioengineered tissue platforms that can better mimic the structure and cellular heterogeneity of in vivo tissue, and are suitable for tumor bioengineering research. Microengineering technologies have resulted in advanced methods for creating and culturing 3-D human tissue. By encapsulating the respective cell type or combining several cell types to form tissues, these model organs can be viable for longer periods of time and are cultured to develop functional properties similar to native tissues. This approach recapitulates the dynamic role of cell–cell, cell–ECM, and mechanical interactions inside the tumor. Further incorporation of cells representative of the tumor stroma, such as endothelial cells (EC) and tumor fibroblasts, can mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment. Collectively, bioengineered tumors create an important resource for the in vitro study of tumor growth in 3D including tumor biomechanics and the effects of anti-cancer drugs on 3D tumor tissue. These technologies have the potential to overcome current limitations to genetic and histological tumor classification and development of personalized therapies.

WHO List of Priority Medical Devices for Cancer Management

WHO List of Priority Medical Devices for Cancer Management
Author: World Health Organization
Publisher:
Total Pages: 246
Release: 2017-05-09
Genre: Medical instruments and apparatus
ISBN: 9789241565462

This is the model list and clearing house of appropriate, basic, and priority medical devices based on the list of clinical interventions selected from clinical guidelines on prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, palliative care, monitoring, and end of life care. This publication addresses medical devices that can be used for the management of cancer and specifically describes medical devices for six types of cancer: breast, cervical, colorectal, leukemia, lung, and prostate. This book is intended for ministries of health, public health planners, health technology managers, disease management, researchers, policy makers, funding, and procurement agencies and support and advocacy groups for cancer patients.

World Cancer Day 2021: A Retrospective

World Cancer Day 2021: A Retrospective
Author: Frontiers in Oncology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 27
Release: 2021-06-28
Genre: Science
ISBN: 2889669122

Cancer accounts for millions of deaths every year, and the burden of this disease is striking - testing our families, health-care systems, economies, and our scientists. In recent years, the outstanding work of researchers and vast improvements in technology has led to remarkable strides in progress. We are now able to prevent at least one third of cancers and have adapted routine-screening techniques for early detection and effective treatment. Our ability to treat and manage this shape-shifting disease has also transformed, as we have developed sophisticated therapies and adopted more tailored approaches. As a result, survival rates are reaching new highs each year, and the outlook for those affected is improving. However, there are still areas that require our attention. Unfortunately, inequalities are well known in the field. In areas where resources are scarce and outreach is limited, cancer patients do not have access to educational programs, timely diagnosis and quality treatment. Significant knowledge-gaps also exist within cancer research, with many minority populations being underrepresented in clinical trials and underreported within the literature. Considering that scientific progress relies on the publication and dissemination of research, the lack of access to primary literature also falters, with many breakthroughs hidden behind paywalls. This not only affects clinicians and researchers, reinforcing a negative feedback-loop for researchers already struggling to obtain sufficient funding, but inhibits the next generation of curious students. Each year, February 4th marks World Cancer Day; a movement dedicated to channeling awareness, education, and unity into collective initiatives and global action against one of medicine’s toughest challenges. The theme of 2021, “I Am and I Will” was one of power, encouraging commitment and togetherness; a sentiment resonating in today’s turbulent world. In honor of this day, Frontiers in Oncology has invited a retrospective of articles from our Specialty Chief Editors, highlighting current, international challenges in their corresponding fields of oncology. Our goal is to empower continuous discussion between communities and across borders, drawing attention to the disparities faced in the field. Our achievements should be shared to maximize impact and facilitate opportunities worldwide. We know that cancer does not discriminate. So, neither should we. We also take this opportunity to thank the wider community for their continued efforts in allowing for accelerated scientific developments, and most importantly for working with us on our mission to make science open. Nicola Faramarzi, PhD On behalf of the Frontiers in Oncology Editorial Office

Progress in Cancer Research

Progress in Cancer Research
Author: Robert V. Sorenson
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2007
Genre: Cancer
ISBN: 9781600216459

Cancer is a group of different diseases (more than 100) characterised by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer can arise in many sites and behave differently depending on its organ of origin. If a cancer spreads (metastasises), the new tumour bears the same name as the original (primary) tumour. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the battle against cancer and in understanding its underlying biological mechanisms. This research progress has resulted in many experimental treatments and cures which establish hope for wide-spread cures. This book presents leading-edge research from around the world.