The Social Brain in Virtual Reality. Changing Perspective on Self and Others in Immersive Virtual Environments

The Social Brain in Virtual Reality. Changing Perspective on Self and Others in Immersive Virtual Environments
Author: Solène Neyret
Publisher:
Total Pages: 196
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:

One fundamental aspect of the human brain is that it is highly shaped by experience and interaction with the surrounding environment. Signals coming from different sensory streams are integrated to create a coherent representation of the environment and of the "self", as a part of this environment. The boundaries of the self are defined through the constant and dynamic exchanges between an individual and their physical and social environment. Self-perception and self-representation are complex processes that seem to be linked to perception and representation of others. We know that humans experience a sense of self-awareness, but the neural bases of this phenomenon are not clearly understood yet. In this thesis we focus on three different aspects of the "self" as a dynamic process: body representation, social identity, and conceptual representation of a personal problem. We report on three behavioural studies using immersive virtual reality that demonstrate how self-representation is highly influenced by social feedback. In the first experiment, we re-created a virtual representation of the internal image participants had of their own body shape. We also re-created a virtual body corresponding to their ideal body shape, and another virtual body representing their real body shape. Participants saw the three different virtual bodies from a first-person perspective and from a third-person perspective and they had to evaluate the appearance of those virtual bodies. We observed that female participants evaluated their real body as more attractive when they saw it from a third-person perspective, and that their level of body dissatisfaction was lower after the experimental procedure. We believe that third-person perspective allowed female participants to perceive their real body shape without applying the negative prior beliefs usually associated to the "self", and that this resulted in a more positive evaluation of their body shape. In the second experiment, we showed how the influence of a group can determine behaviour of an individual. We created a social situation of verbal harassment in virtual reality, and embodied participants in different agents of that scene. In one condition, participants experienced the scene from the perspective of the victim (female avatar). In the other condition, participants saw the situation from the perspective of a member of the group of males performing the harassment (in-group condition). One week later, participants went through a virtual reproduction of the Milgram experiment, and we measured their behaviour in terms of the number of shocks they would give to the victim (again a female avatar). All participants were sitting with a group of three virtual experimenters (male avatars), who were instructing them to give shocks to the victim until the end of the procedure. Our results show that participants of the in-group condition, behaved according to the instructions received from the virtual experimenters, and were more likely to finish the procedure. We argue that social feedback and group influence is critical in determining individual behaviour. In the third experiment, we show how subjective evaluation of a personal problem, can be modified by getting a third-person perspective of oneself. Participants were asked to describe a personal problem causing mid-level distress in their daily life and had the opportunity to discuss it, in virtual reality, with an avatar of Dr Sigmund Freud. In the experimental condition, participants were embodied alternatively in their own virtual avatar and in the virtual body of Freud, allowing them to enter in a "self-conversation". In the control condition, participants were embodied in their own virtual body, and received general counselling from the avatar of Freud. Our results show that the self- conversation condition helped participants to get a new perspective on their problem, leading them to get a better understanding of it and new ideas on how to solve it. Participants in the self-conversation condition also reported less negative automatic thoughts after their experience in virtual reality. We believe that the psychological distance given by the third-person perspective, allowed participants to get a more rational understanding of their situation. Overall, we demonstrate in this thesis, that self-perception, self-representation, self- evaluation and behavioral responses are highly influenced by social feedback. We show that third-person perspective enables to decrease negative bias in self-evaluation. We hope to be able to develop those findings in future clinical applications of immersive virtual reality.

Future Presence

Future Presence
Author: Peter Rubin
Publisher: HarperOne
Total Pages: 288
Release: 2020-04-28
Genre: Family & Relationships
ISBN: 9780062566706

A Wired senior editor and virtual reality expert presents a captivating, candid glimpse into the future "realities" of this emerging technology: how we will use it to form previously impossible relationships, explore new frontiers of intimacy, and how it will forever change human connection. Heralded as the most significant technological innovation since the smartphone, virtual reality is poised to transform our very notions of life and humanity. Though this tech is still in its infancy, to those on the inside, it is the future. VR will change how we work, how we experience entertainment, how we feel pleasure and other emotions, how we see ourselves, and most importantly, how we relate to each other in the real world. And we will never be the same. Peter Rubin, senior culture editor for Wired and the industry's go-to authority on the subject, calls it an "intimacy engine." While once we needed another person to feel the sensations of closeness, trust, vulnerability, confidence, and titillation, VR will give us the ability to induce these sensations by ourselves for the first time in human history. This metamorphosis, Rubin argues, is going to have a powerful impact on relationships that will ripple throughout our society and our individual lives. A journey into this uncertain future and a glimpse at the cultural implications and promises of a new reality, Future Presence explores a host of complex questions about what makes us human, what connects us, and what is real. Offering a glimpse into the mind-blowing things happening in universities, labs, and tech companies around the world, Rubin leads readers on an entertaining tour of the weirdest, wildest corners of this fascinating new universe. Describing this book as "half travelogue and half crystal ball", Rubin will: Introduce readers to the creators and consumers of VR technology Show readers what an experience is like inside the current VR devices Explain how this technology will upend everything we know about human connection in the future At once the incredible, inevitable story of virtual reality's rise and a look towards the future of our fantasies, Future Presence is a deeply personal examination of what connects us, and an analysis of what relationships, empathy, and sex could look like--sooner than we think.

Consensual Illusion: The Mind in Virtual Reality

Consensual Illusion: The Mind in Virtual Reality
Author: Vanja Kljajevic
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 137
Release: 2021-07-15
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3662637421

This book is inspired by the contemporary fascination with virtual reality and growing presence of this type of technology in everyday life. It explores the ways in which virtual reality evokes illusory transformation responses. The power of virtual reality is in making the mediation by technology in these experiences appear irrelevant to cognitive processes, so much so that it is often assumed that skills acquired in virtual environments are generally transferable to the physical world. However, cognition is affected by virtual reality technology, which is reflected in issues related to virtual embodiment, choice of spatial strategies, differences in neural and electrophysiological patterns associated with movement processing when navigating virtual vs. physical environments, and, at least to some extent, in virtual proxemics. In addition to spatial cognition, the book explores the sense of self in virtual reality, social interaction and virtual togetherness, action and motor cognition, calling to mind debates from philosophy, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience.

Boundaries of Self and Reality Online

Boundaries of Self and Reality Online
Author: Jayne Gackenbach
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2017-02-15
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 9780128041574

As technology continues to rapidly advance, individuals and society are profoundly changed. So too are the tools used to measure this universe and, therefore, our understanding of reality improves. Boundaries of Self and Reality Online examines the idea that technological advances associated with the Internet are moving us in multiple domains toward various "edges." These edges range from self, to society, to relationships, and even to the very nature of reality. Boundaries are dissolving and we are redefining the elements of identity. The book begins with explorations of the digitally constructed self and the relationship between the individual and technological reality. Then, the focus shifts to society at large and includes a contribution from Chinese researchers about the isolated Chinese Internet. The later chapters of the book explore digital reality at large, including discussions on virtual reality, Web consciousness, and digital physics.

Neuroscience, Robotics and Virtual Reality: Internalised vs Externalised Mind/Brain

Neuroscience, Robotics and Virtual Reality: Internalised vs Externalised Mind/Brain
Author: Irini Giannopulu
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 216
Release: 2019-02-22
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3319955586

This is the first volume in the Cognitive Computation Trends book series, summarising our understanding on the neural correlate of memory, perception-representation, action, language, emotion and consciousness and their mutual interactions. Integrating research in the field of the Neuroscience, Robotics and Virtual Reality, this book is an original and attainable resource that has not been developed in any other writing. In 5 chapters, the author considers that representations are based on allegorical traces and are consciously and/or unconsciously embrained, and that the creation of robots is the expression of the mind. Whole-body virtual motion is thought of as the archetypal expression of virtual reality. Therefore, visual reality is analysed in a context of visuo-vestibular and somesthetic conflict while mixed and augmented reality are scrutinised in a context of visuo-vestibular and somesthetic interaction. This monograph is an indispensable handbook for students and investigators engaged in history of science, philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, engineering and those interested in there interconnections. The ambition of the book is to give students and investigators ideas on which they can build their future research in this new blooming area.

Virtual Reality in Behavioral Neuroscience: New Insights and Methods

Virtual Reality in Behavioral Neuroscience: New Insights and Methods
Author: Christopher Maymon
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 386
Release: 2023-09-28
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3031429958

Virtual Reality (VR) is a rapidly maturing technology that offers new and unique solutions to otherwise intractable problems in the study of cognition, behavior and neuroscience. VR removes many of the constraints imposed by laboratory paradigms, allowing us to track cognitive, behavioral and brain responses to naturalistic (or even impossible) situations without sacrificing experimental control. But VR is not a tool that can be swiftly and effortlessly integrated into existing research pipelines; currently, the benefits of VR are accompanied by a host of methodological challenges and important practical considerations. To help navigate this new methodology, this volume provides a balanced review of both the exciting new findings emerging from VR labs and the challenges and limitations that are part and parcel of VR research. This volume is an important first step toward establishing a standardised methodology for conducting research in VR. To this end, the volume provides a wealth of practical advice for researchers who are new to the technology. This volume is authored by an interdisciplinary team of VR researchers including computer scientists, engineers, psychologists and neuroscientists. It highlights current research in the field to demonstrate how VR advances our understanding of the mind, while also providing groundbreaking solutions in applied domains.

The 360° Gaze

The 360° Gaze
Author: Christian Stiegler
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 315
Release: 2021-05-25
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 0262045664

A comprehensive study of the pervasive role of immersion and immersive media in postmodern culture, from a humanities and social sciences perspective. Virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, and other modes of digitally induced immersion herald a major cultural and economic shift in society. Most academic discussions of immersion and immersive media have focused on the technological aspects. In The 360° Gaze, Christian Stiegler takes a humanities and social science approach, emphasizing the human implications of immersive media in postmodern culture. Examining characteristics common to all immersive experiences, he uncovers dominant metaphors, such as the rabbit hole, and prevailing ideologies. He raises fundamental questions about opportunities and risks associated with immersion, as well as the potential effects on individuals, communities, and societies.

Being Really Virtual

Being Really Virtual
Author: Frank Steinicke
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 175
Release: 2016-10-22
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 3319430785

This book focuses on the recent developments of virtual reality (VR) and immersive technologies, what effect they are having on our modern, digitised society and explores how current developments and advancements in this field are leading to a virtual revolution. Using Ivan Sutherland's ‘The Ultimate Display’ and Moore’s law as a springboard, the author discusses both popular scientific and technological accounts of the past, present and possible futures of VR, looking at current research trends, developments, challenges and ethical considerations to the coming age of differing realities. Being Really Virtual is for researchers, designers and developers of VR and immersive technologies and anyone with an interest in the exponential rise of such technologies and how they are changing the very way we perceive, interact and communicate within our digital society.

Experience on Demand: What Virtual Reality Is, How It Works, and What It Can Do

Experience on Demand: What Virtual Reality Is, How It Works, and What It Can Do
Author: Jeremy Bailenson
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
Total Pages: 217
Release: 2018-01-30
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 0393253708

“If you want to understand the most immersive new communications medium to come along since cinema… I’d suggest starting with Mr. Bailenson’s [book].” —Wall Street Journal Virtual reality is able to effectively blur the line between reality and illusion, granting us access to any experience imaginable. These experiences, ones that the brain is convinced are real, will soon be available everywhere. In Experience on Demand, Jeremy Bailenson draws upon two decades spent researching the psychological effects of VR to help readers understand its upsides and possible downsides. He offers expert guidelines for interacting with VR, and describes the profound ways this technology can be put to use to hone our performance, help us recover from trauma, improve our learning, and even enhance our empathic and imaginative capacities so that we treat others and ourselves better.