This book is a detailed account of how hierarchy has been maintained historically by the Nepali state, affirming the uniqueness of a caste-based social order by bringing outsiders, especially ethnic groups and religious minorities, into the caste fold. Focusing on the contemporary state of Dalits, the community that was and is put at the bottom of a very hierarchical social order in Nepal, the author argues that the traditional caste-based social order is still prevalent in the "new" Nepal even after the recent socio-political and constitutional changes. Illustrated by scientifically employed and interpreted data mainly in the three sectors of education, politics and employment, the book postulates that people who were and are born into the "high caste" still have more access to the resources and opportunities available in society in comparison with those born into the "lower" caste. It further argues that although reservation policies are in place to address social exclusion, these could not bring expected outcomes mainly due to the lack of engagement, if not ignorance, of both dominant groups and the community in the margin. The absence of clarity among political actors on the positive discrimination and affirmative actions has contributed to backtracking the recently created space in line with "inclusive Nepal". "This scholarly book provides an excellent account of the government's failure to implement Nepal's constitution regarding equal rights for Dalits-a constitution intended to bring in a new era for the nation. It is shameful that the government should deviate from the constitution which itself was the result of the joint efforts of all communities including Dalits. This book provides an excellent account of the struggle for, and then the denial of, equality of Dalits with other communities". Yash Pal Ghai, Retired Dr., professor of law, has taught in several countries; helped in writing constitutions in many countries, including Nepal and his own country, Kenya; and is an adviser to the UN on constitutions and human rights. "The Dalits in Nepal have always remained socially discriminated against and deprived in the existing societal arrangement as well as in the quantum changes occurring in it. This book highlights vividly the nature and forms of social discrimination against the Dalits, along with their assertion and movements against the contemporary socio-economic and political arrangements in Nepal". Nandu Ram, Retired Dr. Ambedkar Chair, professor of sociology at the Centre for the Study of Social Systems; and dean of the School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. .