Talk, action and belief: How the intentionality model combines attachment-oriented psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy Contents List of illustrations and tables Preface I Overview 1 - The problems of practising The lack of consensus across schools Not justifying practice by empirical research alone Ethical and effective practice Against the provision of a narrow set of interventions 2 - The intentionality of consciousness Overview Eight prerequisites of intentionality for change Some conclusions about single forms of intentionality Composite or complex combinations of intentionality 3 - The intentionality model Mapping experiential differences The commonality of intentionality in talk and action Ten keys to the intentionality model Towards criteria for good practice II Psychodynamics of providing ad receiving care through talk and action 4 - Using attachment theory for understanding relationships The need for an experientially-based theory Defining empathy Husserl's account of empathy The consequences of empathy Intersubjectivity is the social condition for knowledge and understanding Introducing attachment The strange situation Dynamic thinking about attachment The map of attachment 5 - The inter-relation between self and other Professional and personal aspects of attachment One-way and two-way caring The continuum: Avoidance, ambivalence and security Avoidance Ambivalence Security Overview of general insecure attachment dynamics The insecure view of self The insecure view of the other The future of the relationship Conclusion on security 6 - The basics of talking and relating Defining communication The psychological reality of attachment Contemporary research on attachment processes: The dance of attachment The positive contribution of Freud Resistance Mis-empathy Working with resistance and mis-empathy 7 - Working to increase security Overview The dynamics of attachment as the greatest contributory factor Towards a sufficiently secure therapeutic relationship Criteria for promoting secure attachment Introducing the social skills for talking and relating Discussion of bad practice: Criteria for decreasing security Criteria for bad practice On the emotional reactions of therapists Working with client emotions Five recommendations about good practice 8 - Action, choice and motivation Behaviour therapy On choice Practical intentionality as part of the whole The extent of the ego Choosing and wanting Personality and social choices Motivation supports choice Promoting behavioural change as the most ethical therapy Healing through exposure to anxiety III Psychopathology, belief and the treatment of belief 9 - The psychological worldview of the intentionality model Introduction Intentionality as the link between personality, problem, practice and self-management More details on the intentionalities Putting the pieces together: Intentionality, sense, object, context Meaning is a social phenomenon On cultural objects The living sense of self as the basis of personality The basics for a qualitative psychology of self in context Varying senses of self In closing: The use of these ideas 10 - The biopsychosocial view of personalities and problems Introduction Biological Social Psychological Addressing personalities and problems as a whole Personality as social Understanding the defensive function of the personality Discussion Conclusion for the biopsychosocial view 11 - Hermeneutics and belief The argument of this chapter Different interpretations of self at different points in the lifespan Overview of psychological hermeneutics Therapy examples Understanding everyday experience Belief as the result of interpretation The philosophical understanding of belief Husserl on belief Psychological beliefs Implicit and explicit belief Closing discussion 12 - Examples of interpreting belief The work of belief Growing up is learning how to believe Unchanging belief as representative of problems Examples of belief driving self