Studies On Oxidative Protein Folding And The Development Of Genetically Encoded Probes For Analyte Specific Ratiometric Imaging
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Author | : Devin A. Hudson |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 144 |
Release | : 2018 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : 9780355762358 |
Disulfide bond formation in vivo is linked to many essential intracellular processes; protein regulation and signaling, chemical transformations, and oxidative protein folding. Oxidative protein folding is an enzyme catalyzed process which is controlled by dedicated protein thiol oxidoreductases. In this work the oxidative protein folding within the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is examined from an enzymological perspective. Evidence for the rapid reduction of PDI by reduced glutathione is presented in the context of PDI-first pathways. Next, strategies and challenges for the determination of the concentrations of reduced and oxidized glutathione and of the ratios of PDIred:PDIox is discussed. After a discussion of the use of natively encoded fluorescent probes to report the glutathione redox poise of the ER, a complementary strategy to discontinuously survey the redox state of as many redox-active disulfides as can be identified by ratiometric LC–MS–MS methods in order to better understand redox linked species. Next, we investigate the specificity of the human Mia40/lfALR system towards non-cognate unfolded protein substrates to assess whether the efficient introduction of disulfides requires a particular amino acid sequence context or the presence of an IMS targeting signal. Mia40 is found to be effective oxidant of non-cognate substrates, but is an ineffective protein disulfide isomerase when its ability to restore enzymatic activity from scrambled RNase is compared to that of protein disulfide isomerase. Mia40’s ability to bind amphipathic peptides tested by the insulin reductase assay. The consequences of these studies, mitochondrial oxidative protein folding, and the transit of polypeptides is discussed. Finally, the development of disulfide linked genetically encoded fluorescent probes for analyte-specific imaging are demonstrated. Current classes of intracellular probes depend on the selection of binding domains that either undergo conformational changes on analyte binding or can be linked to thiol redox chemistry. Here, novel probes were designed by fusing a flavoenzyme, whose fluorescence is quenched on reduction by the analyte of interest, with a GFP domain to allow for rapid and specific ratiometric sensing. Two flavoproteins, Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae lipoamide hydrogenase, were successfully developed into thioredoxin and NAD+/NADH specific probes respectively and their performance was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. These genetically encoded fluorescent constructs represent a modular approach to intracellular probe design that should extend the range of metabolites that can be quantitated in living cells.
Author | : Troy Frederick Langford |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 153 |
Release | : 2018 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a well-known oxidant species commonly produced in eukaryotic organisms as a result of cellular metabolism that plays a central role in numerous processes in cells, and dysregulation of this species can result in a number of different disease states in human cells. In the case of cancer, elevated metabolism is believed to result in higher rates of H2O2 production in these cells, as well as more susceptibility to H2O2-induced apoptosis than normal cells. To this end, researchers have identified several therapeutic compounds that are believed to kill cancer cells via the intracellular elevation of one or more oxidants. However, due to the limitations of current tools for detection of these species, little is known about which therapeutic compounds induce toxicity via elevation of specific oxidants, which would aid in the identification of susceptible tumors to these treatments. Currently, the main limitation of genetically-encoded tools for detection of H2O2 in these applications is the low sensitivity to H2O2 . Most genetically-encoded probes for this species used in human cells utilize H2O2-responsive domains with reaction rate coefficients nearly two orders of magnitude lower than other, more reactive peroxidases in the cell, such as peroxiredoxins (Prxs). In this regard, several studies have demonstrated that Prxs should react with the majority of intracellular H2O2 on the basis of a high reaction rate coefficient with H2O2 and intracellular abundance. In light of these studies, research in the field of redox biology has shifted to focus more on Prxs' role as natural sensors of H2O2 fluctuations in human cells. To this end, the first part of my thesis project focuses on the development of a genetically-encoded probe for H2O2-mediated human Prx2 oxidation in human cells. The second part of my thesis focuses on the application of this probe in a high-throughput screen to identify small-molecule cancer therapeutics that act through H2O2-mediated mechanisms. Together, this thesis lays the foundation for a new class of genetically-encoded sensors that enable specific, sensitive measurement of H2O2 perturbations in human cells in response to redox-based therapeutics, which will facilitate the advancement of these therapeutic compounds in the future.
Author | : Selen Manioğlu |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 190 |
Release | : 2016 |
Genre | : Cytochrome c |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Matthias J Feige |
Publisher | : Royal Society of Chemistry |
Total Pages | : 450 |
Release | : 2018-07-30 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 1782629904 |
The formation of disulphide bonds is probably the most influential modification of proteins. These bonds are unique among post-translational modifications of proteins as they can covalently link cysteine residues far apart in the primary sequence of a protein. This has the potential to convey stability to otherwise marginally stable structures of proteins. However, the reactivity of cysteines comes at a price: the potential to form incorrect disulphide bonds, interfere with folding, or even cause aggregation. An elaborate set of cellular machinery exists to catalyze and guide this process: facilitating bond formation, inhibiting unwanted pairings and scrutinizing the outcomes. Only in recent years has it become clear how intimately connected this cellular machinery is with protein folding helpers, organellar redox balance and cellular homeostasis as a whole. This book comprehensively covers the basic principles of disulphide bond formation in proteins and describes the enzymes involved in the correct oxidative folding of cysteine-containing proteins. The biotechnological and pharmaceutical relevance of proteins, their variants and synthetic replicates is continuously increasing. Consequently this book is an invaluable resource for protein chemists involved in realted research and production.
Author | : Jin Zhang |
Publisher | : Humana |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2013-09-20 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 9781627036214 |
In Fluorescent Protein-Based Biosensors: Methods and Protocols, experts in the field have assembled a series of protocols describing several methods in which fluorescent protein-based reporters can be used to gain unique insights into the regulation of cellular signal transduction. Genetically encodable fluorescent biosensors have allowed researchers to observe biochemical processes within the endogenous cellular environment with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. As the number and diversity of available biosensors grows, it is increasingly important to equip researchers with an understanding of the key concepts underlying the design and application of genetically encodable fluorescent biosensors to live cell imaging. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Fluorescent Protein-Based Biosensors: Methods and Protocols promises to be a valuable resource for researchers interested in applying current biosensors to the study of biochemical processes in living cells as well as those interested in developing novel biosensors to visualize other cellular phenomena.
Author | : Alexander P. Demchenko |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 818 |
Release | : 2015-10-06 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 3319207806 |
Fluorescence is the most popular technique in chemical and biological sensing and this book provides systematic knowledge of basic principles in the design of fluorescence sensing and imaging techniques together with critical analysis of recent developments. Its ultimate sensitivity, high temporal and spatial resolution and versatility enables high resolution imaging within living cells. It develops rapidly in the directions of constructing new molecular recognition units, new fluorescence reporters and in improving sensitivity of response, up to the detection of single molecules. Its application areas range from the control of industrial processes to environmental monitoring and clinical diagnostics. Being a guide for students and young researchers, it also addresses professionals involved in basic and applied research. Making a strong link between education, research and product development, this book discusses prospects for future progress.
Author | : Andreas Radbruch |
Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
Total Pages | : 365 |
Release | : 2013-03-14 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 3662041294 |
The analysis and sorting of large numbers of cells with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) was first achieved some 30 years ago. Since then, this technology has been rapidly developed and is used today in many laboratories. A Springer Lab Manual Review of the First Edition: "This is a most useful volume which will be a welcome addition for personal use and also for laboratories in a wide range of disciplines. Highly recommended." CYTOBIOS
Author | : Gérald Thouand |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 202 |
Release | : 2016-01-12 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 3319274074 |
This book review series presents current trends in modern biotechnology. The aim is to cover all aspects of this interdisciplinary technology where knowledge, methods and expertise are required from chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, chemical engineering and computer science. Volumes are organized topically and provide a comprehensive discussion of developments in the respective field over the past 3-5 years. The series also discusses new discoveries and applications. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics which focus on new biotechnological products and new processes for their synthesis and purification. In general, special volumes are edited by well-known guest editors. The series editor and publisher will however always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Manuscripts are accepted in English. /div
Author | : Dejana Mokranjac |
Publisher | : Humana Press |
Total Pages | : 409 |
Release | : 2018-07-20 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 9781493983094 |
This volume compiles a broad range of step-by-step protocols, complementary to the ones published in the first edition of this book, to study various aspects of mitochondrial structure and function in different model organisms, both in vitro and in vivo. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Mitochondria: Practical Protocols, Second Edition aims to be useful for beginners as well as for experienced researchers in the field.
Author | : Yoshiaki Toyama |
Publisher | : Springer Nature |
Total Pages | : 292 |
Release | : 2019-10-02 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 9811379084 |
This open access book describes marked advances in imaging technology that have enabled the visualization of phenomena in ways formerly believed to be completelyimpossible. These technologies have made major contributions to the elucidation of the pathology of diseases as well as to their diagnosis and therapy. The volume presents various studies from molecular imaging to clinical imaging. It also focuses on innovative, creative, advanced research that gives full play to imaging technology inthe broad sense, while exploring cross-disciplinary areas in which individual research fields interact and pursuing the development of new techniques where they fuse together. The book is separated into three parts, the first of which addresses the topic of visualizing and controlling molecules for life. Th e second part is devoted to imaging of disease mechanisms, while the final part comprises studies on the application of imaging technologies to diagnosis and therapy. Th e book contains the proceedings of the 12th Uehara International Symposium 2017, “Make Life Visible” sponsored by the Uehara Memorial Foundation and held from June 12 to 14, 2017. It is written by leading scientists in the field and is an open access publication under a CC BY 4.0 license.