European security concerns have focused increasingly on the potential for instability on Europe¿s southern flank. In 1995, the European Union developed a framework for cooperation with the southern Mediterranean nations. In the aftermath of 9/11, the goal of encouraging the development of Middle East democracy has acquired greater urgency, not least in the eyes of the U.S., which has bolstered its own efforts to spur democratic reform. It will be important to assess the effectiveness of other democracy-promotion activities, including those undertaken by European counterparts. This report seeks to inform discussion in U.S. policymaking circles by offering an assessment of multilateral European democracy-promotion efforts in the Middle East.