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| Author | : Aleksandar Stevanovic |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 92 |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : Earthquake damage |
| ISBN | : |
"This report presents estimated traffic disruption user delay costs resulting from two earthquake scenarios in Utah. The VISUM traffic macro-simulation model was used to estimate the delay-based user costs."--Executive summary.
| Author | : Federal Emergency Management Agency |
| Publisher | : CreateSpace |
| Total Pages | : 482 |
| Release | : 2013-04-13 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 9781484111260 |
Lifeline is an earthquake engineering term denoting those systems necessary for human life and urban function, without which large urban regions cannot exist. Lifelines basically convey food, water, fuel, energy, information, and other materials necessary for human existence from the production areas to the consuming urban areas. Prolonged disruption of lifelines such as the water supply or electric power for a city or urbanized region would inevitably lead to major economic losses, deteriorated public health, and eventually population migration. Earthquakes are probably the most likely natural disaster that would lead to major lifeline disruption. With the advent of more and more advanced technology, the United States has increasingly become dependent on the reliable provision of lifeline related commodities, such as electric power, fuel, and water. A natural question is: What is the potential for major disruption to these lifelines, especially at the regional level? The initiation of this study by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is based in part on a need to better understand the impact of disruption of lifelines, from earthquakes and to assist in the identification and prioritization of hazard mitigation measures and policies. In addition, the report is intended to improve national awareness of the importance of protecting lifeline systems from earthquakes, and of assuring lifeline reliability and continued serviceability. The specific contractual requirements of this project and report are: To assess the extent and distribution of existing U.S. lifelines, and their associated seismic risk; and To identify the most critical lifelines, and develop a prioritized series of steps for reduction of lifeline seismic vulnerability, based on overall benefit. FEMA is also sponsoring a companion study to develop and demonstrate a model methodology for assessing the seismic vulnerability and impact of disruption of water transmission and distribution systems. In this initial study, lifelines of critical importance at the U.S. national level have been analyzed to estimate overall seismic vulnerability and to identify those lifelines having the greatest economic impact, given large, credible U. S. earthquakes. The lifelines examined include electric systems; water, gas, and oil pipelines; highways and bridges; airports; railroads; ports; and emergency service facilities. The vulnerability estimates and impacts developed are presented in terms of estimated direct damage losses and indirect economic losses. These losses are considered to represent a first approximation because of the assumptions and methodology utilized, because several lifelines are not included, and because, in some cases, the available lifeline inventory data lack critical capacity information.
| Author | : Federal Emergency Management Agency |
| Publisher | : Createspace Independent Pub |
| Total Pages | : 114 |
| Release | : 2013-03-15 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 9781482788471 |
Lifelines (e.g., systems and facilities that deliver energy fuel and systems and facilities that provide key services such as water and sewage, transportation, and communications are defined as lifelines) are presently being sited in "utility or transportation corridors" to reduce their right-of-way environmental, aesthetic, and cost impacts on the communities that rely upon them. The individual lifelines are usually designed, constructed, and modified throughout their service life. This results in different standards and siting criteria being applied to segments of the same lifeline, and also to different standards or siting criteria being applied to the separate lifelines systems within a single corridor. Presently, the siting review usually does not consider the impact of proximity or collocation of the lifelines on their individual risk or vulnerability to natural or manmade hazards or disasters. This is either because the other lifelines have not yet been installed or because such a consideration has not been identified as being an important factor for such an evaluation. There have been cases when some lifeline collocations have increased the levels of damage experienced during an accident or an earthquake. For example, water line ruptures during earthquakes have led to washouts which have caused foundation damage to nearby facilities. In southern California a railroad accident (transportation lifeline) led to the subsequent failure of a collocated fuel pipeline, and the resulting fire caused considerable property damage and loss of life. Loss of electric power has restricted, and sometimes failed, the ability to provide water and sewer services or emergency fire fighting capabilities. In response to these types of situations, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is examining the use of such corridors, and FEMA initiated this study to examine the impact of siting multiple lifeline systems in confined and at-risk areas. The overall FEMA project goals are to develop managerial tools that can be used to increase the understanding of the lifeline systems' vulnerabilities and to help identify potential mitigation approaches that could be used to reduce those vulnerabilities. Another program goal is to identify methods to enhance the transfer of the resulting information to lifeline system providers, designers, builders, managers, operators, users, and regulators. This report presents the analytic methods developed to define the collocation impacts and the resulting analyses of the seismic and geologic environmental loads on the collocated lifelines in the Cajon Pass. The assumed earthquake event is similar to the 8.3 magnitude, San Andreas fault, Ft. Tejon earthquake of 1857. In this, report a new analysis method is developed and applied to identify the increase in the vulnerability of the individual lifeline systems due to their proximity to other lifelines in the Cajon Pass. A third reports presents an executive summary of the study. The Cajon Pass Lifeline Inventory report and this present report taken together provide a specific example of how the new analysis method can be applied to a real lifeline corridor situation.
| Author | : Charles Scawthorn |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 439 |
| Release | : 1996-09-01 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9780788134197 |
Develops a better understanding of the impact of the disruption of lifelines from earthquakes. Identifies and prioritizes hazard mitigation measures and policies. Lifelines considered include electric, water, transportation, and gas and fuel supply systems, and emergency service facilities. Contents: national lifeline inventory; development of lifeline vulnerability functions; seismic hazard; estimate of direct damage; estimates of indirect economic losses; combined economic losses, deaths, and injuries; hazard mitigation measures and benefits. Tables.
| Author | : Umma Tamima |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
"Seismic risk analysis and systemic vulnerability assessment provide useful information to emergency managers for preparing mitigation measures, emergency response and recovery from an earthquake. The goal of this study is to integrate seismic risk analysis with evacuation modeling and first responders operations to understand the systemic vulnerability in an urban area. This involves: (a) modeling evacuation for a moderate seismic zone, (b) developing a framework for earthquake evacuation planning, (c) modeling destination choices in the aftermath of an earthquake and (d) analyzing the systemic seismic vulnerability of transport infrastructure and emergency response services following an earthquake.A shelter model is developed for a region of moderate seismic activity. Shelter demand is estimated by a binary discrete choice model. The method is demonstrated for the city of Montreal. The results of the choice model are compared to those obtained with the HAZUS methodology which underestimates shelter needs. The shelter demand model is integrated with the transportation model. The microscopic model is applied to evaluate traffic performance following an earthquake. The microscopic model estimates that most of arterial and access roads of highly vulnerable boroughs in downtown Montreal are highly congested in the aftermath of an earthquake due to the increase in demand and the presence of debris and damaged infrastructure. This study also applies discrete choice models for the behavior of evacuees in the aftermath of an earthquake using households as the unit of analysis to inprove current estimates of shelter needs. The model considers heterogeneous mixtures of population in terms of income and ethnicity from different parts of the city of Montreal. The Stated Preference method, using various hypothetical scenarios of shelter choice game in the event of a large earthquake, is applied to collect information on destination choices. Analysis of the collected data on destination choices reveals that age, ethnicity, income, types of accommodation, household with children, road condition, building damage, distance from home to shelter and power outage are critical attributes to influence the destination choices of households. The presence of debris can reduce significantly the capacity of the road network following an earthquake. A procedure to evaluate some of the impacts of earthquake generated debris is proposed in this study. A probabilistic model is developed and validated to estimate roadside debris generated during an earthquake and to evaluate the impact on systemic seismic vulnerability of transportation networks and emergency facilities. This methodology is applied to the LaSalle borough of Montreal. This study evaluates the response capability of emergency facilities (hospital and fire stations) of the study area following a major earthquake in order to assess the systemic vulnerability. Systemic seismic vulnerability is high for the areas with maximum damage on buildings and transport infrastructures, and located far away from the emergency facilities. Findings of this study can help to identify critical emergency services and components of road infrastructure for evacuation, emergency response and recovery of affected communities from an earthquake. This information can be used to develop various emergency response plans for earthquake scenarios and identify and prioritize critical components of the infrastructure for seismic retrofits." --
| Author | : William R. Lund |
| Publisher | : Utah Geological Survey |
| Total Pages | : 77 |
| Release | : 1990 |
| Genre | : Engineering geology |
| ISBN | : 1557910936 |
Geologic exposures in the Salt Lake City region record a long history of sedimentation and tectonic activity extending back to the Precambrian Era. Today, the city lies above a deep, sediment-filled basin flanked by two uplifted range blocks, the Wasatch Range and the Oquirrh Mountains. The Wasatch Range is the easternmost expression of major Basin and Range extension in north-central Utah and is bounded on the west by the Wasatch fault zone (WFZ), a major zone of active normal faulting. During the late Pleistocene Epoch, the Salt Lake City region was dominated by a succession of inter-basin lakes. Lake Bonneville was the last and probably the largest of these lakes. By 11,000 yr BP, Lake Bonneville had receded to approximately the size of the present Great Salt Lake.
