Residential Solid Fuels
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Multi-scale Studies to Develop a Holistic Understanding of Solid Fuel Combustion at Residential Scale
Author | : Sameer Patel |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 316 |
Release | : 2017 |
Genre | : Electronic dissertations |
ISBN | : |
Nearly 3 billion people rely on solid fuels for their cooking and heating needs, classifying them as "energy poor". This poverty can be attributed to several factors, including a lack of resources (fuel), inefficient infrastructure (production and distribution), limited purchasing power (poverty), and ill-devised policies. Solid fuels, such as biomass, coal, and dung cakes, are burned in inefficient cookstoves. They generate products of incomplete combustion (PIC), such as CO, particulate matter (PM), and CH4, causing household air pollution (HAP) whose adverse impacts on both health and the environment have been well established. HAP causes diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (COPD), acute respiratory infections (ARI), tuberculosis, bladder and lung cancers, cataracts, and pneumonia. The World Health Organization has declared HAP to be the single largest environmental health hazard, accounting for 3.8 million deaths annually. Moreover, residential solid fuel combustion is a leading source of primary aerosols, which play important roles in atmospheric physics and chemistry, and affects regional and global climate with a net warming effect. To curb the adverse impacts of HAP, the United Nations has set a Sustainable Development Goal of eradicating energy poverty by 2030. Research on multiple fronts seeks to provide cleaner cooking energy by engineering either the cooking systems or the fuel. Developing more efficient solid fuel stoves, called improved cookstoves (ICS), has received the highest attention but the low adoption and still high emissions of ICS mean they alone will not eradicate energy poverty. This dissertation focuses on both options, i.e., ICS, and cleaner cooking fuel alternatives. Part 1 discusses the efficacy of current cookstove technology and the research needed to further advance the technology. Research on ICS is hampered by multiple concerns including a lack of fundamental research, real-time measurements to capture temporal variations, and high reliance on rules of thumb and experience. Extensive real-time physical and chemical characterization of pollutants from different ICS cookstoves was performed, and the effects of different operating conditions and fuel types were quantified. A 1-D steady-state model for a co-current moving bed reactor was integrated with a particle growth dynamic model to simulate combustion and pollutant formation in a top-lit updraft ICS. Field studies in India were conducted to explore how the cookstove and its surroundings interact and its subsequent effects on human health. Findings from the work done in Part 1 highlighted the need to look beyond the current metrics for assessing cookstove performance and regulating air quality. Moreover, cookstove combustion and emission characteristics change drastically with inevitable variations in operating parameters, which leads to inconsistent performance and personal exposure. Current ICSs are usually cleaner than traditional cookstoves, but still not close to the desired performance level. Therefore, cleaner fuel alternatives such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, and electricity must be considered, though they require overcoming challenges such as resource constraints, affordability, accessibility, and policy. Part 2 focuses on understanding the intricate factors governing household fuel preferences via regional scale modelling and analysis from both the user's and provider's perspectives. This newly developed understanding will enable policymakers to target and manipulate the key factors governing household fuel preferences, and thus to promote adoption of cleaner fuel alternatives.
Emission Factors of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Residential Solid Fuel Combustions
Author | : Guofeng Shen |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 221 |
Release | : 2014-07-08 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 364239762X |
Emission inventory is basic for the understanding of environmental behaviors and potential effects of compounds, however, current inventories are often associated with relatively high uncertainties. One important reason is the lack of emission factors (EFs), especially for the residential solid fuel combustion in developing countries. In the present study, emission factors of a group of pollutants including particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon (sometimes known as black carbon) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured for a variety of residential solid fuels including coal, crop straw, wood, and biomass pellets in rural China. The study provided a large number of emission factors that can be further used in emission estimation. Composition profiles and isomer ratios were investigated and compared so as to be used in source apportionment. In addition, the present study identified and quantified the influence of factors like fuel moisture, volatile matter on emission performance. The publication of the study will be of interest and helpful to the readers in the field of air pollution, human health, fuel saving and energy consumption etc. Guofeng Shen works at the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Sciences, China.
Outdoor Air Pollution
Author | : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans |
Publisher | : IARC Monographs on the Evaluat |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2016 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 9789283201472 |
"This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, which met in Lyon, 8-15 October 2013."
WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality
Author | : World Health Organization |
Publisher | : World Health Organization |
Total Pages | : 178 |
Release | : 2014 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : 9241548878 |
Built on existing WHO indoor air quality guidelines for specific pollutants, these guidelines bring together the most recent evidence on fuel use, emission and exposure levels, health risks, intervention impacts and policy considerations, to provide practical recommendations to reduce this health burden.
Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification
Author | : Marcio L. de Souza-Santos |
Publisher | : CRC Press |
Total Pages | : 480 |
Release | : 2004-06-07 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 9780203027295 |
Bridging the gap between theory and application, this reference demonstrates the operational mechanisms, modeling, and simulation of equipment for the combustion and gasification of solid fuels. Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification: Modeling, Simulation, and Equipment Operation clearly illustrates procedures to improve and optimize the de