Kinds of Reasons

Kinds of Reasons
Author: Maria Alvarez
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 220
Release: 2010-03-25
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 019955000X

Understanding human beings and their distinctive rational and volitional capacities requires a clear account of such things as reasons, desires, emotions, and motives, and how they combine to produce and explain human behaviour. Maria Alvarez presents a fresh and incisive study of these concepts, centred on reasons and their role in human agency.

Reason and Action

Reason and Action
Author: Bruce Aune
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 228
Release: 1977-09-30
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 9789027708052

Philosophers writing on the subject of human action have found it tempting to introduce their subject by raising Wittgenstein's question, 'What is left over if you subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm?' The presumption is that something of particular interest is involved in an action of raising an arm that is not present in a mere bodily movement, and the philosopher's task is to specify just what this is. Unfortunately, such an approach does not take us very far, since a person could properly be said to raise his (or her) arm while asleep or hypnotized even though he (or she) would not be performing an action in the sense of 'action' with which philosophers are particularly concerned. To avoid this kind of difficulty I shall approach the subject of human action is a more academic way: I shall expound some important rival theories of human action, and introduce the relevant issues by commenting critically on those theories. One of the issues I eventually introduce is a metaphysical one. A theory of action makes sense, I contend, only on the assumption that there are such 'things' as actions (or events). After considering some key arguments bearing on the issue I conclude that, as matters currently stand in philosophy, a metaphysically noncommittal attitude toward actions and events seems justified.

Reasons for Action

Reasons for Action
Author: David Sobel
Publisher:
Total Pages: 312
Release: 2009-04-27
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN:

This volume contains eleven essays on practical reason by leading and emerging philosophers.

Action, Intention, and Reason

Action, Intention, and Reason
Author: Robert Audi
Publisher: Cornell University Press
Total Pages: 381
Release: 2019-01-24
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 1501733265

For the first time, Robert Audi presents in Action, Intention, and Reason a full version of his theory of the nature, explanation, freedom, and rationality of human action. Ove the years Audi has set out in journal articles different aspects of a unified theory of action. This volume offers the unity of a single, seamless book with thirteen self-contained chapters, two of them previously unpublished, and a new overview of action theory and the book's contribution to it. The book is divided into four parts, each addressing a major problem area. The chapters in Part One describe the motivational grounds of action, explicate desire, belief, intention, and volition, and give a distinctive account of their interconnections. In the second part, Audi sets out a theory of the explanation of action and argues that actions can be both law-governed and performed for reasons. The third part provides an account of free action and its relation to causation and responsibility. Chapters in the fourth and final part construct an account of rational action and its connections with practical reasoning, self-deception, and weakness of will.

Praxiology and the Reasons for Action

Praxiology and the Reasons for Action
Author: Piotr Makowski
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 240
Release: 2017-07-05
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 1351497170

This volume explores two traditions in practical philosophy: action theory, which concerns the nature of motivation for human action, and praxiology, the study of human action. By bringing different perspectives together, the volume strives to contribute to the international debate on theories of reasons for action as a philosophy of action.The volume consists of three main parts. The first part, "Reasons for Action," bridges the gap between reasons for action theories and praxiology. The second part of the volume, titled "Theories of Action," explores philosophical approaches to action. Finally, in the third part, "Applications," the contributors show several ways of applying praxiological ways of thinking and acting to the problems of reflection assessment, solving action incompleteness, and knowledge management.The ultimate goal of this volume is to broaden the scientific view of action: to establish a perspective on action that is permeated by moral theories on the one hand, and accounts focused on efficiency and economy of action on the other hand. This work is the newest volume in Transaction's Praxiology series.

Moral Relativism and Reasons for Action

Moral Relativism and Reasons for Action
Author: Robert Streiffer
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 162
Release: 2020-07-20
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 1000080250

Originally published in 2003, this book examines moral relativism and the author discusses the main arguments for Appraiser Relativism and Agent Relativism. The final chapter of the book discusses the implication of some recent developments in metaethics and develops a theory of reasons for action based on the way in which an action can be good as an alternative to the desire-based, agent-centred account critiqued in the earlier chapters.

WHY – Reason for Every Action

WHY – Reason for Every Action
Author: Abdul Ghaffar
Publisher: Notion Press
Total Pages: 169
Release: 2021-01-11
Genre: Self-Help
ISBN: 1636335748

WHY – Reason for every Action (2020) deals with your WHY, i.e., reason for your each and every action whether it is good or bad. This explains the purpose in your life. It shows you the reason for taking the pain every morning to get up from the bed to go to work, which you do every day even without your motivation and enjoyment. This book will gradually navigate you to get rid of procrastination and develop an interest in your routine task. The purpose of the book is to keep you in action and to help you to get your desired results. As you go through this book, the secret of WHY will be revealed and you will find the answers to the questions you face in your day to day life: Why do you lose your enthusiasm in your office, in the school or in the society? Why are your motivations vanishing gradually? How is your why important to maintain your motivation? How does your why play a pivotal role to help in regaining your lost motivation? How can your lost motivation be regained? And you will come to know how much it is important to find the reason for your every action.

Reasons in Action

Reasons in Action
Author: Ingmar Persson
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 192
Release: 2019-09-05
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 0192583662

Ingmar Persson offers an original view of the processes of human action: deliberating on the basis of reasons for and against actions, making a decision about what to do, and from there implementing the decision in action in a way that makes the action intentional. Persson's analysis is mainly developed to suit physical actions, though how it needs to be modified to cover mental acts is also discussed. The interpretation of intentional action that is presented is reductionist in the sense that it does not appeal to any concepts that are distinctive of the domain of action theory, such as a unique type of agent-causation, or irreducible mental acts, like acts of will, volitions, decisions, or tryings. Nor does it appeal to any unanalyzed attitudes or states essentially related to intentional action, like intentions and desires to act. Instead, the intentionality of actions is construed as springing from desires conceived as physical states of agents which cause facts because of the way agents think of them. A sense of our having responsibility that is sufficient for our acting for reasons is also sketched out.

Emotion, Reason, and Action in Kant

Emotion, Reason, and Action in Kant
Author: Maria Borges
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Total Pages: 200
Release: 2019-04-18
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 1350078387

This book is open access and available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. It is funded by Knowledge Unlatched. Though Kant never used the word 'emotion' in his writings, it is of vital significance to understanding his philosophy. This book offers a captivating argument for reading Kant considering the importance of emotion, taking into account its many manifestations in his work including affect and passion. Emotion, Reason, and Action in Kant explores how, in Kant's world view, our actions are informed, contextualized and dependent on the tension between emotion and reason. On the one hand, there are positive moral emotions that can and should be cultivated. On the other hand, affects and passions are considered illnesses of the mind, in that they lead to the weakness of the will, in the case of affects, and evil, in the case of passions. Seeing the role of these emotions enriches our understanding of Kant's moral theory. Exploring the full range of negative and positive emotions in Kant's work, including anger, compassion and sympathy, as well as moral feeling, Borges shows how Kant's theory of emotion includes both physiological and cognitive aspects. This is an important new contribution to Kant Studies, suitable for students of Kant, ethics, and moral psychology.

Desire

Desire
Author: G. F. Schueler
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 250
Release: 1995
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 9780262193559

Does action always arise out of desire? G.F. Schueler examines this hotly debated topic in philosophy of action and moral philosophy, arguing that once two senses of "desire" are distinguished -- roughly, genuine desires and pro attitudes -- apparently plausible explanations of action in terms of the agent's desires can be seen to be mistaken. Desire probes a fundamental issue in philosophy of mind, the nature of desires and how, if at all, they motivate and justify our actions. At least since Hume argued that reason "is and of right ought to be the slave of the passions," many philosophers have held that desires play an essential role both in practical reason and in the explanation of intentional action. G.F. Schueler looks at contemporary accounts of both roles in various belief-desire models of reasons and explanation and argues that the usual belief-desire accounts need to be replaced. Schueler contends that the plausibility of the standard belief-desire accounts rests largely on a failure to distinguish "desires proper," like a craving for sushi, from so-called "pro attitudes," which may take the form of beliefs and other cognitive states as well as desires proper. Schueler's "deliberative model" of practical reasoning suggests a different view of the place of desire in practical reason and the explanation of action. He holds that we can arrive at an intention to act by weighing the relevant considerations and that these may not include desires proper at all. A Bradford Book