Progress Of The Personal Income Tax In Emerging And Developing Countries
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| Author | : Ms. Dora Benedek |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 36 |
| Release | : 2022-01-28 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : |
Personal Income Tax (PIT) is one of the key sources of revenues in Advanced Economies (AEs) but plays a much more limited role in Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDCs) and Emerging Market Economies (EMEs), both in terms of revenue and redistributive impact. Notwithstanding, this paper shows that LIDCs and EMEs increased their PIT-to-GDP revenue by 110 and 48 percent, respectively, during the 1990-2019 period, a marked improvement in the PIT revenue performance. We find that this rise was driven primarily by economic developments and to a lesser extent by changes in the design of PIT systems. We also find that LIDCs that improved their tax-to-GDP ratios relied on a broader set of tax instruments and not exclusively on the PIT, suggesting that a successful revenue mobilization strategy of developing countries requires a comprehensive approach covering a wider range of taxes. Finally, using a newly assembled dataset of PIT characteristics of 157 countries over the 2006-2018 period, we estimate a novel redistribution index of the PIT in LIDCs. We show that the contribution of the PIT to inequality reductions has been significant.
| Author | : International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept. |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 86 |
| Release | : 2011-08-03 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1498339247 |
The Fund has long played a lead role in supporting developing countries’ efforts to improve their revenue mobilization. This paper draws on that experience to review issues and good practice, and to assess prospects in this key area.
| Author | : Mr.Bernardin Akitoby |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 43 |
| Release | : 2018-11-02 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484361539 |
How do countries mobilize large tax revenue—defined as an average increase in the tax-to-GDP ratio of 0.5 percent per year over three years or more? To answer this question, we build a novel dataset covering 55 episodes of large tax revenue mobilization in low-income countries and emerging markets. We find that: (i) reforms of indirect taxes and exemptions are the most common tax policy measures; (ii) multi-pronged tax administration reforms often go hand in hand with tax policy measures or are stand alone; and (iii) sustainability of the episodes hinges on tax administration reforms in the key compliance areas (risk-based audits, registration, filing, payment, and reporting).
| Author | : Khaled Abdel-Kader |
| Publisher | : INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND |
| Total Pages | : 38 |
| Release | : 2020-12-04 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9781513561561 |
This paper discusses the theory and practice of tax design to achieve an efficient and equitable outcome, i.e. in support of inclusive growth. It starts with a discussion of the key principles from tax theory to guide practical tax design. Then, it elaborates on more granular tax policy, discussing key choices in the structure of the personal income tax on labor and capital income, taxes on wealth, the corporate income tax, and consumption taxes. The paper concludes by highlighting the political economy considerations of the issues with concrete recommedtions as to how to implement tax reform.
| Author | : Deborah Brautigam |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 261 |
| Release | : 2008-01-10 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 1139469258 |
There is a widespread concern that, in some parts of the world, governments are unable to exercise effective authority. When governments fail, more sinister forces thrive: warlords, arms smugglers, narcotics enterprises, kidnap gangs, terrorist networks, armed militias. Why do governments fail? This book explores an old idea that has returned to prominence: that authority, effectiveness, accountability and responsiveness is closely related to the ways in which governments are financed. It matters that governments tax their citizens rather than live from oil revenues and foreign aid, and it matters how they tax them. Taxation stimulates demands for representation, and an effective revenue authority is the central pillar of state capacity. Using case studies from Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America, this book presents and evaluates these arguments, updates theories derived from European history in the light of conditions in contemporary poorer countries, and draws conclusions for policy-makers.
| Author | : Mr.Vito Tanzi |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 28 |
| Release | : 2001-01-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9781589060203 |
Discusses important tax policy issues facing developing countries today, provides a review of the role of tax incentives, and identifies some policy challenges posed by the globalization of the world economy. Draws on country cases.
| Author | : Mr.Bernardin Akitoby |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 32 |
| Release | : 2019-05-14 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1498315429 |
How can Low-Income Countries (LICs) enhance tax revenue collection to finance their vast development needs? We address this question by analyzing seven tax reform experiences in LICs (Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Maldives, Mauritania, Rwanda, Senegal, and Uganda). Three lessons stand out, although reforms must be tailored to individual circumstances: (i) Tax reforms require first and foremost political commitment and buy-in from key stakeholders; (ii) Countries that pursue both revenue administration and tax policy reforms tend to see much larger and persistent gains; and (iii) A successful strategy often starts with fiscal reform measures with immediate effect to build momentum. These can include: simplifying the tax system; curbing exemptions; reforming indirect taxes on goods and services (e.g., excises); and better managing compliance risks through strengthening taxpayer segmentation (often beginning with strengthening the Large Taxpayers Office). A comprehensive reform strategy (e.g., a medium-term revenue strategy) can help to properly sequence reform measures and facilitate their implementation.
| Author | : OECD |
| Publisher | : OECD Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 157 |
| Release | : 2010-11-03 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9264091084 |
This report investigates how tax structures can best be designed to support GDP per capita growth.
| Author | : Patrick Honohan |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 476 |
| Release | : 2003 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9780821354346 |
This book examines the options for, and obstacles to, successful financial sector tax reform, both in terms of theoretical and practical aspects. Issues discussed include: the design of optimal tax schemes, the role of imperfect information and the links between taxation and saving, inflation, the income tax treatment of intermediary loan-loss reserves, deposit insurance, VAT and financial transactions taxes; as well as current practice in the industrial world and case studies of distorted national systems. This is a co-publication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press.
| Author | : Claudia Gerber |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 24 |
| Release | : 2018-11-20 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484383087 |
This paper discusses how the structure of the tax system affects its progressivity. It suggests a measure of progressive capacity of tax systems, based on the Kakwani index, but independent of pre-tax income distributions. Using this and other progressivity measures, the paper (i) documents a decline in progressivity over the last decades and (ii) examines the relationship between progressivity and economic growth. Regressions do not reveal a significant impact of progressivity on growth, suggesting that efficiency costs of progressivity may be small—at least for degrees of progressivity observed in the sample.
