It Is Well Recognised That Oceans Exercise A Profound Influence Upon The Climates Of The World And Upon The Larger And Smaller Features Of The Atmospheric Circulation Which Together Determine The Weather; And Also, That The Atmosphere Controls The Oceanic Circulation. The Interaction, However, Is Quite Complex. With A View To Explain The Intricacies Involved In This Interaction, This Book Deals With All Such Areas Of Physical Oceanography That Have Bearing Upon Problems Of The Atmosphere. The Heat Budget Of The Oceans And Of The Ocean Currents- Being Of The Greatest Importance To The Atmosphere, Is Discussed In Detail, After Describing The Necessary Physical Properties Of Sea Water, Including Salinity, Temperature, Density, Pressure, Etc. Theories Of The Large-Scale Ocean Currents And Of The Wind-Driven Currents Have Been Included, And Water Masses And Currents Of The Different Oceans Of The World Have Been Discussed. The Text Is Aptly Illustrated Through Graphs And Diagrams And Enriched With Tables Of Useful Scientific Data. Chapter 1: Introduction; The Heat Budget Of The Earth, Black Body Radiation, Selective Rediation And Absorption, Radiation From The Sun, Long Wave Radiation To Space, The Heat Budget Of The Atmosphere, The Atmosphere As A Thermodynamic Machine, The Oceans As Part Of The Subsurface Of The Atmosphere, Chapter 2: Physical Properties Of Sea Water; Salinity Temperature And Pressure, Salinity, Pressure, Pressure, Density Of Sea Water, Computation Of Density And Specific Volume In Situ, Thermal Properties Of Sea Water, Thermal Expansion, Thermal Conductivity, Specific Heat, Latent Heat Of Evaporation, Adiasbatic Temperature Changes In The Sea, Freezing Point Depression And Vapor Pressure Lowering, Other Properties Of Sea Water, Maximum Density, Compressibility, Viscosity, Diffusion, Surface Tension, Refractive Index, Electric Conductivity, Eddy Viscosity Conductivity And Diffusivity, General Character Of Eddy Coefficients, Influence Of Stability On Turbulence, Numerical Values Of The Vertical And Horizontal Eddy Viscosity And Eddy Conductivity, Adsorption Of Radiation, Absorption Coefficients Of Distilled Water And Of Pure Sea Water, Extinction Coefficients In The Sea, Influence Of The Altitude Of The Sun Upon The Extinction Coefficients, Cause Of The Large Extinction Coefficients In The Sea, The Color Of Sea Water, Sea Ice, Freezing And Melting Of Ice, Properties Of Sea Ice, Chapter 3: Observation In Physical Oceanography; Oceanographic Expeditions And Vessels, Temperature Observations, Surface Thermometers, Protected Reversing Thermometers, Unprotected Reversing Thermometers, Thermographs, Water Sampling Devices, Treatment And Analysis Of Serial Observations, Current Measurements, Units And Terms, Drift Methods, Flow Methods, Chapter 4: The Heat Budget Of The Oceans; Radiation, Incoming Radiation, Effect Of Clouds, Reflection, Absorption Of Radiation Energy In The Sea, Effective Back Radiation From The Sea Surface, The Radiation Budget Of The Oceans, Exchange Of Heat Between The Atmosphere And The Sea, Evaporation From The Sea, The Process Of Evaporation, Observation And Computations Of Evaporation, Average Annual Evaporaion From The Oceans, Evaporation In Different Latitudes, Annual Variation Of Evaporation, Diurnal Variation Of Evaporation, Chapter 5: General Distribution Of Salinity Temperature And Density; Salinity Of The Surface Layer, Surface Salinity, Periodic Variations Of The Surface Salinity, Temperature Of The Surface Layers, Surface Temperature, Difference Between Air And Sea Surface Temperatures, Annual Variation Of Surface Temperature, Annual Variation Of Temperature In The Surface Layers, Diurnal Variation Of Surface Temperature, Diurnal Variation Of Temperature In The Upper Layers, Distribution Of Density, Subsurface Distribution Of Temperature And Salinity, Water Masses, The T-S Diagram, Water Masses And Their Formation, Chapter 6: Ocean Currents Related To The Distribution Of Mass; Introduction, Equations Of Motion Applied To The Ocean, General Equations, Motion In The Circle Of Inertia, Simplified Equations Of Motion, Practical Applications Of The Hydrodynamic Equation For The Computation Of Ocean Currents, The Fields Of Pressure And Mass In The Ocean, The Field Of Mass, The Field Of Pressure, Currents In Stratified Water, Practical Methods For Computing Ocean Currents, Relative Currents, Slope Currents, Actual Currents, Bjerknes Theoerem Of Circulation, Transport By Currents, Chapter 7: Wind Currents And Wind Waves; Frictional Forces, The Stress Of The Wind, Piling Up Of Water Due To The Stress Of The Wind, Wind Currents In Homogenous Water, Wind Currents In Water In Which The Density Increases With Depth, Secondary Effect Of Wind In Producing Ocean Currents, Origin Of Wind Waves, Form And Characteristics Of Wind Waves, Relations Between Wind Velocity And Waves, Waves Near The Coast Breakers, Destructive Waves, Chapter 8: Thermodynamics Of Ocean Currents; Thermal Circulation, Thermohaline Circulation, Vertical Convection Currents, Chapter 9: Water Masses And Currens Of The Oceans; Water Masses Of The Oceans, Currents Of The North Atlantic Ocean, The North Equatorial Current, The Gulf Stream System, The Florida Current, The Gulf Stream, The North Atlantic Current, Transport, Currents Of The Adjacent Seas Of The North Atlantic Ocean, The Norwegian Sea And The North Polar Sea, The Labrador Sea And Baffin Bay, The Mediterranean And The Black Sea, The Caribbean Sea And The Gulf Of Mexico, Currents Of The Equatorial Part Of The Atlantic Ocean, Currents Of The South Atlantic Ocean, Currents Of The Indian Ocean, The Red Sea, Currents Of The South Pacific Ocean, Currents Of The Equatorial Pacific, Currents Of The North Pacific Ocean, The North Equatorial Current, The Kuroshio System, The Kuroshio, The Kuroshio Extension, The North Pacific Current, The Aleutian (Subarctic) Current, The Eastern Gyral In The North Pacific Ocean, The California Current, Transport, Currents In The Antarctic Ocean, The Deep Water Circulation Of The Oceans, Ice In The Sea, Ice And Iceberg In The Antarctic, Ice And Iceberg In The Arctice, Chapter 10: Interaction Between The Atmosphere And The Oceans; Character Of Interaction, The Ocean And The Climate, The Oceans And The Weather.