Low GWP (A2L) Refrigerant Safety

Low GWP (A2L) Refrigerant Safety
Author: Jason Obrzut, CMHE
Publisher: ESCO Institute
Total Pages: 98
Release: 2021-02-22
Genre: Education
ISBN: 193004481X

As the HVACR industry continues to move forward and innovate, the refrigerants that were once so commonplace are now being phased out. Replacing them are more energy efficient, environmentally friendlier refrigerants, known as Low GWP refrigerants. Many of these new refrigerants are classified by ASHRAE as A2L, or slightly flammable. The industry is also seeing expanded use of some hydrocarbon (A3) refrigerants, such as propane and isobutane. Students and technicians will require additional training for the safe handling and transportation of these refrigerants. The Low GWP refrigerant program manual covers: Refrigerant safety Introduction to Low GWP refrigerants Refrigerant properties and characteristics The refrigeration cycle Working with refrigerant blends Proper installation and service guidelines Flammable refrigerant considerations Explanation of the associated codes and standards for A2L refrigerants

Refrigeration units in marine vessels

Refrigeration units in marine vessels
Author: Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Total Pages: 80
Release: 2019-04-02
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 9289359412

Fishing vessels can be equipped with energy efficient refrigeration technology applying natural working fluids. Ammonia refrigeration systems have been the first choice, but CO2 units have also become increasingly common in the maritime sector in the last few years. When retrofitting or implementing CO2 refrigeration plants, less space on board is required and such units allow good service and maintenance. Nowadays, cruise ship owners prefer CO2 units for the provision refrigeration plants.Ship owners, responsible for the health and safety of the crew and passengers, must carefully evaluate the usage of flammable low GWP working fluids, due to a high risk that toxic decomposition products are formed, even without the presence of an open flame. Suggestions for further work include a Nordic Technology Hub for global marine refrigeration R&D and development support for key components.

BTU Buddy Notebook

BTU Buddy Notebook
Author: Bill Johnson
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Total Pages: 288
Release: 2008-07-22
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9781435425835

The BTU Buddy Notebook is a collection of more than 50 unique service call scenarios conducted by an HVAC technician which describe real-life service scenarios related to troubleshooting. Many high quality images help to illustrate troubleshooting techniques and the equipment being serviced. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.

Advances in Engineering Design and Simulation

Advances in Engineering Design and Simulation
Author: Chenfeng Li
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 345
Release: 2019-10-03
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9811384681

This book consists of selected peer-reviewed papers presented at the NAFEMS India Regional Conference (NIRC 2018). It covers current topics related to advances in computer aided design and manufacturing. The book focuses on the latest developments in engineering modelling and simulation, and its application to various complex engineering systems. Finite element method/finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, and additive manufacturing are some of the key topics covered in this book. The book aims to provide a better understanding of contemporary product design and analyses, and hence will be useful for researchers, academicians, and professionals.

Advances in Solar Energy Research

Advances in Solar Energy Research
Author: Himanshu Tyagi
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 592
Release: 2018-11-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9789811333019

This book covers major technological advancements in, and evolving applications of, thermal and photovoltaic solar energy systems. Advances in technologies for harnessing solar energy are extensively discussed, with topics including the fabrication, compaction and optimization of energy grids, solar cells and panels. Leading international experts discuss the applications, challenges and future prospects of research in this increasingly vital field, providing a valuable resource for all researchers working in this field.

Heat Pumps

Heat Pumps
Author: Randy F. Petit (Sr.)
Publisher: Ingram
Total Pages: 81
Release: 2011-09-30
Genre: Heat pumps
ISBN: 9781930044296

This 78-page book provides a comprehensive overview of the heat pump system, it¿s operations and principles. The heat pumps covered in this book are basic systems. The intent of the book is to offer technicians information to build upon to enhance their knowledge of the air conditioning and heating field, specifically, heat pumps. Before installing or servicing a heat pump system, the technician must have proper training and knowledge of air conditioning/refrigeration theory, principles and operation. New highly efficient equipment heat pump systems using HFC refrigerant (R-410A) are being sold and installed. These systems pose new demands for installers and service technicians. A heat pump¿s efficiency can be greatly diminished, regardless of the type of refrigerant, if it is not properly installed, serviced and maintained.

Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases

Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases
Author: Sina Ebnesajjad
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 448
Release: 2021-03-09
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1119323258

This book describes fluorocarbons gases’ preparation process, properties, applications and their evolution over time. The impact of fluorocarbons on the ozone layer and global and the development to mitigate those effects have been specially emphasized. The first major industrial fluorinated compound was developed in the 1920’s, to replace ammonia and sulfur dioxide refrigerants, at the General Motors Frigidaire Division by Thomas Midgley, Jr. and Albert Leon Henne. They developed a family of fluorocarbons trademarked Freon® for auto air conditioning units revolutionizing the auto industry. Other applications were developed over time including fire extinguishers, propellants, blowing agents, cleaners, anesthesia, artificial blood and others impacting every facet of life. In spite of being in broad global use for nearly a century, fluorocarbon gases have gone through great evolution during the last few decades. In the 1980s it was discovered chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases are harmful to the ozone layer, mainly because of their chlorine content. Chlorine was released in the upper atmosphere when chlorofluorocarbon molecules were broken down by the high energy cosmic radiation. CFCs were progressively banned following the Montreal Protocol of 1987. CFCs were replaced by fluorinated gases containing either less chlorine (hydrofluoro-chlorocarbons, or HCFCs), which are much less damaging (about 90% less) to the ozone layer or with fluorinated gases containing no chlorine, i.e. hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs. HFC have no impact on the ozone layer but impact global warming detrimentally. HFCs are usable without need for changes to the existing refrigeration or air conditioning installations. More recently hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), which have little or no negative impact on global warming, have been developed to replace or reduce the use of HFCs. HFOs are used as single compounds or in blends. Research and development continues to develop and replace the HCFCs and HFCs completely with environmentally friendly products. Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases presents a reference and text for the commercial fluorocarbon gases which have great many application in a wide range of industries such as refrigeration and air conditioning, as well as consumer products.