Excerpt from Iron Ores, Fuels, and Fluxes of the Birmingham District, Alabama: With Chapters on the Origin of the Ores Geologic studies of the iron ores of the Birmingham district, Alabama, were begun by the United States Geological Survey in 1906, in accordance with a plan to prepare special reports on each of the important iron-ore districts of the southern United States. The report as here presented is a composite work containing contributions from three geologists. Ernest F. Burchard was engaged during June and July, 1906, and January, 1909, in field studies of the iron ores and mapping of the rocks associated with them, and has accordingly prepared the bulk of the report, comprising the chapters describing the red ore, the character and relations of the red-ore beds, the detailed descriptions of the various portions of the district, the estimates of red-ore reserves, the discussion of mining methods, the geologic relations and local descriptions of the brown-ore deposits, and the maps, sections, and other illustrations relating to the iron ores of the district. Charles Butts conducted, during the seasons of 1904, 1905, 1906, and 1908, an independent investigation of the general geology and coal resources of the Birmingham region, the results of which will be published finally as geologic folios. Mr. Butts has prepared for this report the chapters on general geology and on fuels and fluxes, and the maps and illustrations accompanying those portions of it. Edwin C. Eckel, who at the beginning of this work was in general charge of the iron-ore investigations of the Survey, but who shortly afterward resigned from the Survey to undertake private work, has contributed the chapters on the origin of the red ores and of the brown ores, based on a broad study of both of these ores in the Appalachian region. The term "Birmingham district" as here used is based upon commercial rather than geographic features. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.