Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with ANS, ESARDA, INMM and the Nuclear Society International (Moscow), Vienna, 14-18 March 1994. Presented at this symposium were: the findings in Iraq by the Action Team established under United Nations Security Council resolutions, South Africa's decision to join the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), details of the IAEA-Argentina-Brazil-ABACC Quadripartite Safeguards Agreement, and measures following the break-up of the former USSR into newly independent States. Special emphasis was given to the verification of a State's declaration as well as detection of undeclared activities. In addition to covering recent developments, the symposium considered fundamental changes stemming from converging relationships between nuclear arms reductions and the civil use of plutonium, unattended computer based verification systems and other safeguards concepts for the future, and the review and extension of the NPT in 1995.