Improvement Of A Three Tier Wireless Sensor Network For Environment Monitoring
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| Author | : Xu Wang |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
A three-tier wireless sensor network (WSN) was developed and deployed to remotely monitor suspended sediment concentration and stream velocity in real-time. Two years of field experiments have demonstrated the achievement of such capabilities. But several weak points emerged and required essential performance improvement and additional research on the radio propagation mechanism within the original three-tier WSN. In the original three-tier WSN, long time delay, potential data loss, and limited network throughput all restricted the network transmission performance. Upon the above issues, the transmission delay was reduced through shortening the raw data storage buffer and the data packet length; the data loss rate was decreased by adopting a mechanism using semaphores and adding feedback after data transmission; the network throughput was enlarged through the event- and time-driven scheduling method. In order to find a long-range wireless transmission method as an alternative to the commercial cellular service used in the original WSN, a central station using meteor burst communication (MBC) technology was developed and deployed. During an 8-month field test, it was capable of performing long distance communication with a low data loss rate and transmission error rate. But due to unstable availability of the meteor trails, the MBC network throughput was constrained. To reduce in-situ maintenance, over-the-air programming was implemented. Thus, programs running in the central station and the gateway station can be updated remotely. To investigate the radio propagation in densely vegetative areas, a 2.4 GHz radio propagation path loss model was derived to predict the short-range path loss from the path loss in the open area and the path loss due to dense vegetation. In addition, field experiments demonstrated that ambient air temperature, relative humidity, and heavy rainfall could also affect wireless signal strength.
| Author | : Wei Han |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
A two-tier wireless data communication system was developed to remotely monitor sediment concentration in streams in real time. The system used wireless motes and other devices to form a wireless sensor network to acquire data from multiple sensors. The system also used a Stargate, a single-board computer, as a gateway to manage and control data flow and wireless data transfer. The sensor signals were transmitted from an AirCard on the Stargate to an Internet server through the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) provided by a commercial GSM cellular carrier. Various types of antennas were used to boost the signal level in a radio-hostile environment. Both short- and long-distance wireless data communications were achieved. Power supplies for the motes, Stargate, and AirCard were improved for reliable and robust field applications. The application software was developed using Java, C, nesC, LabView, and SQL to ensure seamless data transfer and enable both on-site and remote monitoring. Remote field tests were carried out at different locations with different GPRS signal strengths and a variety of landscapes. A three-tier wireless sensor network was then developed and deployed at three military installations around the country--Fort Riley in Kansas, Fort Benning in Georgia, and Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland - to remotely monitor sediment concentration and movement in real time. Sensor nodes, gateway stations, repeater stations, and central stations were strategically deployed to insure reliable signal transmissions. Radio signal strength was tested to analyze effects of distance, vegetation, and topographical barriers. Omni- and Yagi-directional antennas with different gains were tested to achieve robust, long-range communication in a wireless-hostile environment. Sampling times of sensor nodes within a local sensor network were synchronized at the gateway station. Error detection algorithms were developed to detect errors caused by interference and other impairments of the transmission path. GSM and CDMA cellular modems were used at different locations based on cellular coverage. Data were analyzed to verify the effectiveness and reliability of the three-tier WSN.
| Author | : Subhas C Mukhopadhyay |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 306 |
| Release | : 2013-02-11 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 3642363652 |
This book presents the state of the art technologies and solutions to tackle the critical challenges faced by the building and development of the WSN and ecological monitoring system but also potential impact on society at social, medical and technological level. This book is dedicated to Sensing systems for Sensors, Wireless Sensor Networks and Ecological Monitoring. The book aims at Master and PhD degree students, researchers, practitioners, especially WSN engineers involved with ecological monitoring. The book will provide an opportunity of a dedicated and a deep approach in order to improve their knowledge in this specific field.
| Author | : Pratyay Kuila |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 273 |
| Release | : 2017-09-22 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1351648705 |
Wireless Sensor Networks have a wide range of applications in different areas. Their main constraint is the limited and irreplaceable power source of the sensor nodes. In many applications, energy conservation of the sensor nodes and their replacement or replenishment due to the hostile nature of the environment is the most challenging issue. Energy efficient clustering and routing are the two main important topics studied extensively for this purpose. This book focuses on the energy efficient clustering and routing with a great emphasis on the evolutionary approaches. It provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction of the fundamentals of WSNs, major issues and effective solutions.
| Author | : Fadi Al-Turjman |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 211 |
| Release | : 2018-01-03 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1351207016 |
Wireless Sensor Networks overcome the difficulties of other monitoring systems. However, they require further efficiencies for Outdoor Environment Monitoring (OEM) applications due to their harsh operational conditions, huge targeted areas, limited energy budget, and required 3D setups. A fundamental issue in defeating these practical challenges is deployment planning. The deployment plan is a key factor of many intrinsic properties of OEM networks, summarized in connectivity, lifetime, fault-tolerance, and cost-effectiveness. This book investigates the problem of WSNs deployments that address these properties in order to overcome the unique challenges and circumstances in OEM applications.
| Author | : Albert Nurgaliev |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 144 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Computer network architectures |
| ISBN | : |
"The wireless sensor network (WSN) is an important technology with a wide variety of diverse applications in such domains as healthcare, military forces and environmental monitoring. Our research aims at developing methods and tools capable of addressing WSN problems such as energy constraint, low memory, and computation capability of a sensor node by implementing a new WSN design concept, improving existing and developing new protocols. Our research goal is to develop novel generic methodologies supporting a higher level of design flexibility and possible architectural optimization against multiple criteria such as the quality of data (QoD), quality of service (QoS), and lifetime extension. Application requirements may vary in terms of abovementioned parameters and consequently there is no single platform that can be applied to all domains. Moreover, current methods do not provide opportunities for dynamic changes of either protocols or their parameters, which might improve WSN agility and survivability in a harsh environment. This problem can be solved by integrating various protocols at different layers within a single framework and supporting their dynamic selection in order to adapt the network to varying application requirements. This thesis develops a mechanism which facilitates structural design and implementation of an Integrated Environment for Data Acquisition with Dynamic Changes (IEDADC). It features adaptation and integration of protocols, protocol switching and automatic or manual selection as well as the implementation of quality assurance and localization techniques. The design methodology is tested by implementing a SN prototype consisting of a base station and sensor nodes. Sun Small Programmable Object Technology is used as a hardware basis for this work. The software has been developed in Java programming language including the host and sensor nodes' applications. The conducted experiments have confirmed the higher level of design flexibility and optimization of the following criteria: energy consumption, QoD and QoS."--Abstract.
| Author | : Vidushi Sharma |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 297 |
| Release | : 2017-07-28 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 149878335X |
The advances in low-power electronic devices integrated with wireless communication capabilities are one of recent areas of research in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). One of the major challenges in WSNs is uniform and least energy dissipation while increasing the lifetime of the network. This is the first book that introduces the energy efficient wireless sensor network techniques and protocols. The text covers the theoretical as well as the practical requirements to conduct and trigger new experiments and project ideas. The advanced techniques will help in industrial problem solving for energy-hungry wireless sensor network applications.
| Author | : Fereshteh Aalamifar |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 182 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Wireless sensor networks have applications in many places from wildlife environments to urban areas. Implementation of such a network is a challenging task because each specific application may require different constraints and objectives. To better meet the application requirements, cognitive wireless sensor network has been recently introduced. However, almost all the previous work in this area has been in theory or by simulation. Hence there is a demand to provide implementable ideas of cognition, implement, and analyze the results. The goal of this thesis is to implement a cognitive wireless sensor network with application in environment monitoring which is aware of the surrounding environment, updates its information based on the dynamic changes in the network status, makes appropriate decisions based on the gained awareness, and forwards required actions to involving nodes. An implementable cognitive idea is proposed based on the characteristics and goals of a cognitive system. Since transmission is one of the most power consuming processes in sensor nodes and non-efficient transmissions of data can lead to a shorter lifetime, this work tries to schedule nodes' transmission rate by the means of cognition and benefits from efficient scheduling of the redundant nodes to improve lifetime. To enhance a wireless sensor network with cognition, new nodes should be added to the architecture called cognitive nodes. Cognitive nodes will take care of most of the tasks in the cognition process while still there is a need to add a level of cognition to each individual node. The main contribution of this work is that it provides an implementable approach to cognition in wireless sensor networks, proposes a low complexity and low cost implementable idea for cognition, addresses implementation issues, and provides experimental results of different setups of the cognitive wireless sensor network.
| Author | : F. Qin |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The expansion of wireless sensor networks to advanced areas, including structure health monitoring, multimedia surveillance, and health care monitoring applications, has resulted in new and complex problems. Traditional sensor systems are designed and optimised for extremely low traffic loads. However, it has been witnessed that network performance drops rapidly with the higher traffic loads common in advanced applications. In this thesis, we examine the system characteristics and new system requirements of these advanced sensor network applications. Based on this analysis, we propose an improved architecture for wireless sensor systems to increase the network performance while maintaining compatibility with the essential WSN requirements: low power, low cost, and distributed scalability. We propose a modified architecture deriving from the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which is shown to significantly increase the network performance in applications generating increased data loads. This is achieved by introducing the possibility of independently allocating the sub-carriers in a distributed manner. As a result, the overall efficiency of the channel contention mechanism will be increased to deliver higher throughput with lower energy consumption. Additionally, we develop the concept of increasing the data transmission efficiency by adapting the spreading code length to the wireless environment. Such a modification will not only be able to deliver higher throughput but also maintain a reliable wireless link in the harsh RF environment. Finally, we propose the use of the battery recovery effect to increase the power efficiency of the system under heavy traffic load conditions. These three innovations minimise the contention window period while maximising the capacity of the available channel, which is shown to increase network performance in terms of energy efficiency, throughput and latency. The proposed system is shown to be backwards compatible and able to satisfy both traditional and advanced applications and is particularly suitable for deployment in harsh RF environments. Experiments and analytic techniques have been described and developed to produce performance metrics for all the proposed techniques.
| Author | : Ananthram Swami |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 416 |
| Release | : 2007-10-24 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9780470061817 |
A wireless sensor network (WSN) uses a number of autonomous devices to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions via a wireless network. Since its military beginnings as a means of battlefield surveillance, practical use of this technology has extended to a range of civilian applications including environmental monitoring, natural disaster prediction and relief, health monitoring and fire detection. Technological advancements, coupled with lowering costs, suggest that wireless sensor networks will have a significant impact on 21st century life. The design of wireless sensor networks requires consideration for several disciplines such as distributed signal processing, communications and cross-layer design. Wireless Sensor Networks: Signal Processing and Communications focuses on the theoretical aspects of wireless sensor networks and offers readers signal processing and communication perspectives on the design of large-scale networks. It explains state-of-the-art design theories and techniques to readers and places emphasis on the fundamental properties of large-scale sensor networks. Wireless Sensor Networks: Signal Processing and Communications : Approaches WSNs from a new angle – distributed signal processing, communication algorithms and novel cross-layer design paradigms. Applies ideas and illustrations from classical theory to an emerging field of WSN applications. Presents important analytical tools for use in the design of application-specific WSNs. Wireless Sensor Networks will be of use to signal processing and communications researchers and practitioners in applying classical theory to network design. It identifies research directions for senior undergraduate and graduate students and offers a rich bibliography for further reading and investigation.
