Girard’s Doubt:

Girard’s Doubt:
Author: Mohammad Sadegh Najjarzadeha
Publisher: Verlag Traugott Bautz
Total Pages: 212
Release:
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 3689119839

Die Mehrheit der Forschung zu Girards Theorien, wie „mimetisches Begehren“, „interne und externe Vermittlung“ und „Erwerbsrivalität“, geht im Allgemeinen davon aus, dass Girard den „Sündenbockmechanismus“ als eine Art Segen oder gesegnete Gewalt ansieht, die in den andauernden Erwerbsrivalitäten entwurzelt werden könnte und den Fluss der Gewalt behindert. Diese Studien sind nicht irrend, da Girard seine Theorien in Verbindung mit der Literatur in seinem Meisterwerk Deceit, Desire, and the Novel aufgegriffen, erklärt und erprobt hat. Jedoch glaube ich, dass diese Studien eine wesentliche Änderung in Girards Theorie übersehen haben, die ich als einen „nachträglichen Einfall“ in seiner Studie über den Sündenbockmechanismus bezeichnen würde. Girard modifiziert seine Theorie stillschweigend, indem er Zweifel an der „konstruktiven Funktion“ jedes Opfers nach der Kreuzigung Jesu Christi aufkommen lässt, sei es erzwungen oder freiwillig. Dieser „Anflug von Ungläubigkeit“ hinsichtlich der Wirksamkeit des Sündenbockmechanismus wird sogar noch durch den Schweizer Theologen Raymund Schwager in seinem Hauptwerk Muss es Sündenböcke geben? unterstützt. Ich wage es, diesen gleichen Hauch von Ungläubigkeit „Girards Zweifel“ zu nennen und beabsichtige, diesen in ausgewählten Werken der Appalachenliteratur aus den 1920er bis 1970er Jahren zu untersuchen. Diese Studie untersucht die Effizienz des „Sündenbockmechanismus“ in sechs Romanen von drei Autoren aus dem amerikanischen Süden: William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor und Cormac McCarthy. Die Arbeit beginnt mit einer Einführung in die Geographie, Geschichte und Literatur des Südens. Darauf folgt ein Überblick über Girards Ideologie und Methoden. Im ersten Kapitel konzentriere ich mich auf die Beziehung zwischen dem Sündenbockmechanismus – in Form von Opfermord – und Afroamerikanern, indem ich Faulkners The Sound and the Fury und Sanctuary untersuche. Im zweiten Kapitel analysiere ich O’Connors Wise Blood und The Violent Bear It Away, um zu untersuchen, ob die Vorstellung von gewalttätiger Gnade oder soteriologischem Opfer notwendigerweise zu Glückseligkeit führen würde. Für das letzte Kapitel habe ich McCarthys Outer Dark und Child of God ausgewählt, um den bürgerlichen strafrechtlichen Sündenbockmechanismus zu untersuchen, der von der Gesellschaft entwickelt wurde, um den Fluss der Gewalt zu kontrollieren. The prevailing scholarship on René Girard’s theories—such as “mimetic desire,” “internal and external mediation,” and “acquisitive rivalry”—largely interprets his concept of the “scapegoat mechanism” as a kind of redemptive or sanctified violence capable of curbing the perpetuation of conflict. While these interpretations are not entirely misplaced, given that Girard originally presented and tested these ideas within the framework of Western literature in his seminal work Deceit, Desire, and the Novel, they tend to overlook a crucial revision in Girard’s thought. I propose that what I call Girard’s “afterthought” subtly revises his earlier theory by casting doubt on the “constructive function” of any form of sacrifice—be it coerced or voluntary—following the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. This nuance is further reinforced by Swiss theologian Raymund Schwager, who accentuates this “tinge of incredulity” regarding the efficacy of the scapegoat mechanism in Must There Be Scapegoats? Thus, I venture to label this skepticism as “Girard’s Doubt,” and aim to explore its presence in selected Appalachian literature from the 1920s to the 1970s. This study scrutinizes the effectiveness of the scapegoat mechanism in six novels by three prominent Southern American authors: William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor, and Cormac McCarthy. It opens with an overview of the American South’s geography, history, and literary tradition, followed by a detailed exposition of Girard’s ideological framework and methodology. In the first chapter, I examine the role of the scapegoat mechanism, particularly in the form of sacrificial lynching, and its relationship to African Americans in Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury and Sanctuary. The second chapter delves into O’Connor’s Wise Blood and The Violent Bear It Away to determine whether the notion of violent grace or sacrificial salvation invariably leads to spiritual fulfillment. The final chapter focuses on McCarthy’s Outer Dark and Child of God, exploring the civic penal scapegoat mechanism employed by society as a means of controlling violence. Sadegh Najjarzadeha completed his doctoral dissertation in English Literature, with a specialized focus on American Studies, at Göttingen University, Germany. His scholarly work applies René Girard’s philosophical framework to the analysis of 20th-century Southern U.S. literature, culminating in the coining of the term “Girard’s Doubt”—a profound examination of the limitations of sacrifice in breaking the cycle of violence. His master’s thesis, titled The New Idol of Postmodern America, critically engages with the rise of consumerism, drawing on Zygmunt Bauman’s theories to interrogate postmodern American novels.

Girard and Theology

Girard and Theology
Author: Michael Kirwan
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Total Pages: 172
Release: 2009-02-12
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 0567496066

The work of the French American theorist René Girard (b.1923) has been highly influential in a wide variety of intellectual disciplines. One enthusiastic reviewer in Le Monde suggested that the year 1972 (when La Violence et le Sacré was published) should be marked with an asterisk in the annals of the humanities, including literature, theology and religious studies. There is a paradox here insofar as Girard is, strictly speaking, neither a philosopher nor a theologian. He was trained as a historian, but spent most of his academic career as a teacher of French literature. It is out of his study of great European literature (notably Proust, Dostoyevsky and Shakespeare) that what he calls 'mimetic theory' evolved. Mimetic theory is an account of how religion, culture and violence are interrelated. Its three principal parts consist of: an assertion of the 'mimetic' (i.e. imitated or derivative nature of desire); the function of 'scapegoating' as a means of achieving and maintaining social cohesion; the gospel revelation as the means by which these truths of the human condition are made known to us. A general introduction to his work will comprise an exposition of these three parts or phases in Girard's thinking. In Girard and Theology, Michael Kirwan looks at these ideas and their relevance to theology as well as their reception in the development of 'dramatic theology' and new theological concepts of atonement and sacrifice.

Wills, Trusts, and Estates

Wills, Trusts, and Estates
Author: Reid Kress Weisbord
Publisher: Aspen Publishing
Total Pages: 724
Release: 2020-09-15
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1543824439

Wills, Trusts, and Estates: The Essentials (“Essentials”) offers a sleek and slender presentation of wealth transfer law for an introductory law school course. Written by widely recognized scholars in the field, this text comprehensively yet concisely covers the core legal principles that are tested on the bar exam and essential to a trusts and estates practice. For a fresh perspective, Essentials incorporates current events, lively cases, and engaging examples. It also enables students to maximize out-of-class preparation time by delivering information efficiently in a streamlined and straightforward way. Each chapter contains: (1) clearly explained summaries of each doctrine, (2) explanatory narration accompanying all relevant statutory authority, (3) thoroughly edited judicial opinions followed by analytical questions and answers, and (4) realistic problem sets designed for classroom instruction that illustrate and apply each concept. New to the Second Edition: Additional core topics, including: federal constitutional law and racial discrimination in testamentary gifts; survival and wrongful death actions; forgery; tortious interference with an inheritance expectancy; electronic and do-it-yourself wills; tax apportionment clauses; waiver of spousal elective share by agreement; revocation of insurance beneficiary designations; directed trusts; and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. New cases, including recent decisions by the United States Supreme Court, and new statutes, including uniform acts on electronic wills and directed trusts. New selection of meaningful secondary sources, including relevant empirical scholarship drawn from our own research and other prominent scholars. Professors and students will benefit from: A text that makes a challenging course accessible, lively, and interactive. It is concise yet comprehensive, and adaptable for two, three, and four credit courses. An emphasis on the development of problem-solving skills by presenting problem sets that allow students to apply newly learned legal doctrine in realistic scenarios, mostly based on litigated cases. Many problem sets are as detail-rich as the cases, which facilitates in-depth discussion of doctrinal nuance. Legal doctrine explained up front and in plain English. According to student feedback, the inclusion of plain English doctrinal summaries often obviates the need for students to purchase a study supplement. For professors, this format provides a baseline on which to build a livelier and sophisticated classroom discussion of the cases and problem sets. The questions and answers following the judicial decisions that encourage student self-assessment. Accompanying family tree diagrams in the textbook (and on the PowerPoint teaching slides) in addition to most judicial opinions, thereby allowing students to quickly ascertain the facts of each case and focus on the application of law.

For René Girard

For René Girard
Author: Sandor Goodhart
Publisher: MSU Press
Total Pages: 359
Release: 2012-01-01
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 1609171292

In his explorations of the relations between the sacred and violence, René Girard has hit upon the origin of culture—the way culture began, the way it continues to organize itself. The way communities of human beings structure themselves in a manner that is different from that of other species on the planet. Like Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Émile Durkheim, Martin Buber, or others who have changed the way we think in the humanities or in the human sciences, Girard has put forth a set of ideas that have altered our perceptions of the world in which we function. We will never be able to think the same way again about mimetic desire, about the scapegoat mechanism, and about the role of Jewish and Christian scripture in explaining sacrifice, violence, and the crises from which our culture has been born. The contributions fall into roughly four areas of interpretive work: religion and religious study; literary study; the philosophy of social science; and psychological studies. The essays presented here are offered as "essays" in the older French sense of attempts (essayer) or trials of ideas, as indeed Girard has tried out ideas with us. With a conscious echo of Montaigne, then, this hommage volume is titled Essays in Friendship and in Truth.

René Girard and the Western Philosophical Tradition, volume 1

René Girard and the Western Philosophical Tradition, volume 1
Author: Andreas Wilmes
Publisher: MSU Press
Total Pages: 397
Release: 2024-07-01
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 1609177649

This edited volume situates René Girard in relation to the Western philosophical tradition. Each chapter engages the French anthropologist in dialogue with a key figure from the history of Western philosophy, from Plato to Kierkegaard. The pivotal question of René Girard and the Western Philosophical Tradition revolves around Girard’s assertion, “Since the attempt to understand religion on the basis of philosophy has failed, we ought to try the reverse method and read philosophy in the light of religion.” Major philosophers influenced Girard and contributed valuable insights into questions of desire, religion, violence, and the sacred. At the same time, he felt that Western philosophy often, if not always, neglected the founding violence that lies at the origin of culture. This is the first collective scholarly effort at situating René Girard in relation to the Western philosophical tradition. Volume 1 features chapters on Plato, Augustine of Hippo, Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Blaise Pascal, Baruch Spinoza, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Alexis de Tocqueville, Søren Kierkegaard, and René Girard.