Excessive sediment transport adversely affects the hydrologic regime and water quality of a river and its drainage basin. With the decline of operational gauges monitoring sediments, establishing viable means of quantifying sediment transport is pressingly needed. In this study, I developed an alternative approach to address this issue where I applied the relationships between hydraulic geometry of river channels, river discharge, water-leaving surface reflectance (SR), and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) to quantify sediment discharge with the aid of spacebased observations. I investigated the approach with nine USGS gauging stations along the Upper Mississippi River — an important river system comprising almost half of the entire Mississippi River. I took advantage of the use of recent advances in remote sensing such as RivWidthCloud, Bayesian discharge inference coupled with at-many-stations hydraulic geometry (AMHG), and SSC-SR retrieval models. I examined 5,490 Landsat scenes to estimate the water discharge, SSC levels, and sediment discharge at nine locations along the Upper Mississippi River. Results showed that RivWidthCloud can be effectively used for Bayesian-AMHG discharge inference while the relationships between the SSC and Landsat SR are statistically significant at significance level [alpha] = 0.01 for all the study sites except in Clinton, IA. Acceptable gauge-specific SSC-SR model was obtained in the downstream having coefficients of determination R2 > 0.50. Similarly, acceptable regional-scale model was developed with R = 0.50. Further, results suggest that the three study sites at St. Louis, MO, Chester, IL, and Thebes, IL, in the downstream portion of the river, were the best locations for Q and SSC estimation with Landsat imagery. Estimations of Q were sensitive to the center of Q prior, which induces bias when inadequately estimated. Relatively, estimations of SSC were likely influenced by low reflectance of sediments during low flows due to chlorophyll and algae mixing in the water column. Lastly, I established in this study that combining the discharge and SSC retrieval from Landsat imagery can yield reasonable sediment discharge estimates having an average relative bias of 0.23, RRMSE of 0.95, and NSE of 0.40 for certain river segments in the Upper Mississippi River.