Essays On Education Gender And Child Health In Developing Countries
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Three Essays on Family, Education and Health in Developing Countries
| Author | : Irène Dohouin |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2023 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This dissertation is organized in three chapters and revolves around issues related to family, education and health in developing countries. The first chapter studies how education affects women's HIV infection. By using an education reform that led to a sharp increase in women's education in Zambia, I estimate RDD, interacted with geographic differences in school supply. I find that an increase in female education led to HIV higher rate. I find no evidence that education affected women's HIV knowledge and their risky behaviors. Instead, the results are driven by the increased urbanization of the better educated women. The second and third chapters address the practice of child fostering in Sub-saharan Africa. In the chapter 2, co-authored with Caleb Gbeholo, we examine the determinants of child fostering across and within family in Benin. In this purpose, we rely a dataset that comes from a unique survey that we designed and conducted in Benin in 2022. We find that parents' education and the lost of one parent during childhood are associated with child fostering. The fostered child is chosen according his gender and his birth order, with daughters facing a high risk of fostering during childhood. Furthermore, the child probability to be foster is steady decline by birth order. The chapter 3, co-authored with Caleb Gbeholo, Raphael Godefroy and Joshua Lewis, studies the effect of child fostering on education and fertility. Using the same dataset as in chapter 2, we estimate that adults who were fostered as a child are significantly less likely to have attended school than their siblings. We show that this difference in education achievement increased after the launch of an education reform in the 1990s. We find no difference in fertility. We estimate that the practice of child fostering may account for a substantial share of the gender gap in education.
Essays on Child Health in Developing Countries
| Author | : Samantha Benvinda Rawlings |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This thesis comprises four empirical essays on the economics of child health in developing countries. Chapter 1 investigates intergenerational persistence in health, its spatial variation, and trends, using micro-data on 2.24 million children born of 0.6 million mothers in 38 developing countries between 1970-2000. A standard deviation decrease in mother's height or BM! raises the risk of poor child health by between 5 and 10 percent. Disaggregra- tion shows significant continent variation; the relationship was strongest in Africa, where it strengthened over time. Chapter 2 investigates whether in- come, women's education or public health (infant immunization rates) affect intergenerational persistence. Improvements in these in the foetal and birth year weaken the relationship, and these gradients are steeper for shorter women. Chapter 3 studies the impact of exposure to a serious, unusual, and unforeseen malaria epidemic in Brazil in 1938-1940 on subsequent human capital attainment, exploiting cohort- and regional-heterogeneity in expo- sure to identify effects. I argue disease related mortality is likely to differ by gender and migrant status, and allow for differential effects for these groups. A model of (mortality) selection and scarring is used to frame results. Selec- tion dominates for non-migrants whilst migrants are less selected or scarred. Scarring effects are particularly evident for female migrants. Chapter 4 investigates whether child health determines work and schooling. Unob- served heterogeneity and simultaneity concerns are addressed by exploiting panel data from the Philippines, with a first-difference instrumental vari- ables estimator used. The change in health between age 11/12 and 14/15 is instrumented for by health and breastfeeding duration in the first two years of life. A change in boys height-for-age of one standard deviation raises the probability of work by 36 percentage points, weekly hours of work by 11 hours, and lowers probability of school attendance by 30 percentage points. Estimates for girls are statistically weaker and may be affected by lack of data on domestic work.
Empirical Essays on Health Care for Children and Families
| Author | : Zuleyha Neziroglu Cidav |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 204 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : Budgets, Personal |
| ISBN | : |
This dissertation consists of three empirical essays investigating different aspects of health care for children and families. The first essay examines the effectiveness of adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for preventive pediatric health care. Using a national longitudinal sample of children age two years and younger, we investigate whether compliance with prescribed periodic well-child care visits has beneficial effects on child health. We find that increased compliance improves child health. In particular, higher compliance lowers future risks of fair or poor health, of some history of a serious illness and of having a health limitation. The second essay examines child health care utilization in relation to maternal labor supply. We test the hypothesis that working-mothers trade off the advantages of greater income against the disadvantages of less time for other valuable tasks, such as seeking health care for their children. This tradeoff may result in positive, negative, or no net impacts on child health investment. We estimate health care demand regressions that include separate variables for mother's labor supply and her labor income. Our results indicate that higher maternal work hours reduce child health care visits; higher maternal earnings increase them. In addition, wage-employment, as opposed to self-employment, is detrimental to child health investment. A further finding is that preventive care demand for younger children is less sensitive to maternal time and income changes. We also find that detrimental time effects dominate beneficial income effects. The third essay studies intra-household resource allocation as it pertains to its demand for preventive medical care. We test the income-pooling hypothesis of the common preference model by using individual specific medical care consumption data and present evidence on the allocation of household resources to the medical needs of the child, husband and wife. Our results are in line with the findings of previous studies that emphasize the ongoing importance of the traditional gender role of woman as the primary caregiver. We find that the resources of the wife have a greater positive impact on child's and her own preventive care demand than does the resources of the husband. In contrast to most studies from developing countries, we find that US families do not exhibit differential health care demand based on child gender. It is also noteworthy that the wife's education level has a greater positive impact than that of her husband does on both the husband's and her own preventive care utilization.
Women's Education in Developing Countries
| Author | : Elizabeth M. King |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 356 |
| Release | : 1997-07-01 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 9780801858284 |
Why do women in most developing countries lag behind men in literacy? Why do women get less schooling than men? This anthology examines the educational decisions that deprive women of an equal education. It assembles the most up-to-date data, organized by region. Each paper links the data with other measures of economic and social development. This approach helps explain the effects different levels of education have on womens' fertility, mortality rates, life expectancy, and income. Also described are the effects of women's education on family welfare. The authors look at family size and women's labor status and earnings. They examine child and maternal health, as well as investments in children's education. Their investigation demonstrates that women with a better education enjoy greater economic growth and provide a more nurturing family life. It suggests that when a country denies women an equal education, the nation's welfare suffers. Current strategies used to improve schooling for girls and women are examined in detail. The authors suggest an ambitious agenda for educating women. It seeks to close the gender gap by the next century. Published for The World Bank by The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Essays on Education and Health in Developing Countries
| Author | : Booyuel Kim |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Our research design to study the complementarities of these interventions is based on the randomized allocation of the different mix of interventions across classrooms. Our preliminary results indicate limited evidence of complementarities among the three interventions.
Three Essays on the Economics of Health in Developing Countries
| Author | : Patrick O. Asuming |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
However, husband's education was associated with lower fertility especially when their wives were also educated. Wealth was associated with higher fertility, reflecting a higher child survival rate in wealthy families. Moreover, controlling for wealth does not affect the effect of education on fertility. We find that the reproductive health interventions affected both educated and uneducated women but the effect on educated women was stronger, leading to the emergence of an education-fertility differential 16 years after the introduction of the interventions. Our results suggest that in settings where men dominate reproductive decision-making, their education status may have a stronger effect on fertility than the educational attainment of women.
Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 332 |
| Release | : 1998-12-11 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 0309173728 |
This volume assesses the evidence, and possible mechanisms, for the associations between women's education, fertility preferences, and fertility in developing countries, and how these associations vary across regions. It discusses the implications of these associations for policies in the population, health, and education sectors, including implications for research.
Essays in Economic Development
| Author | : Salma Ahmed |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 410 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This thesis presents four self-contained essays that explore issues that are crucial in improving human well-being in a developing country: improving health, minimising child labour and reducing gender inequality. The analysis is focused on Bangladesh where the prevalence of child labour and gender differences in several domains is still widespread. The first essay aims to examine the gender wage gap along the entire wage distribution into an endowment effect and a discrimination effect, taking into account possible selection into full-time employment. Applying a new decomposition approach to the Bangladesh Labour Force Survey (LFS) datasets of 1999 and 2005, we find that women are paid less than men everywhere on the wage distribution and the gap is higher at the lower end of the distribution. Discrimination against women is the primary determinant of the wage gap. We also find that this gap has widened between 1999 and 2005. The second essay examines whether gender differences in tertiary enrolment rates can be explained by wage premiums in returns from secondary to tertiary education levels. Using LFS data, we find that wage premiums do not have any significant effect on the gender gap in tertiary enrolment rates. We also note that wage premiums in returns from secondary to tertiary education significantly influence tertiary enrolment rates for males but not for females, once additional variables are added. We offer evidence that part of the explanation for low female enrolment in tertiary education is attributable to demographic factors. The third essay investigates whether there is any trade-off between child labour hours and schooling. By drawing on the 2002 dataset of the Bangladesh National Child Labour Survey (NCLS), we find that working hours adversely affect child schooling from the very first hour of work. However, the marginal impact of child labour hours weakens when working hours increase; yet, working hours always negatively affect schooling when we use a non-parametric approach. We find that parents do not have identical preferences towards schooling decisions concerning boys and girls. Both mother and father show a significant preference for educating a female child. The same incentive effect is not found for a male child. These conclusions persist, even after allowing for sample selection in child labour. The fourth essay tests the effect of child labour on child health outcomes in Bangladesh. We use self-reported injury or illness due to work as a general measure of health status. Using NCLS data, we find that child labour is positively and significantly associated with the probability of being injured or becoming ill, once the endogenous relationship between these factors is accounted for. These findings remain robust when we consider child labour hours and restrict our analysis to rural areas. Moreover, the intensity of injury or illness is significantly higher in construction and manufacturing than in other sectors.
