Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) in semi-arid environments faces many challenges. Shifting pattern of rainfall and temperature, nutrient-deficient soils and recurring droughts are major limitations in the Northern High Plains (NHP). In southeastern Wyoming, winter wheat is produced in a wheat-fallow rotation managed conventionally. The dependency on tillage, low crop residue retention and high input of agrochemicals pose a significant risk of soil loss and environmental depletion. Organic management offers an alternative for local winter wheat producers driven by high economic returns. Heavy reliance solely on tillage, however, makes this system vulnerable to erosion and unsustainable. This study assessed (1) the effect of onetime high-rate (50 Mg ha−1) composted cattle manure addition to winter wheat managed conventionally and organically, on soil properties and 20 winter wheat varieties at two separate locations (Pine Bluffs and Slater); and (2), the effect of temperature on germination of 12 winter wheat varieties. Results have shown that winter wheat managed conventionally had higher overall yields and managed organically had higher protein content at both locations. Breck, Steamboat and Pronghorn are recommended for conventional production, while Breck, Bobcat and UI Silver are recommended for organic production. Compost improved soil fertility, crop growth, yield, and quality at a location with adequate weed management. Bobcat, Curlew and UI Silver germinated in temperatures below 4.0°C.