The Vernonia School District v. Acton Supreme Court decision in 1995, forever changed the landscape of the legality of drug testing in schools. This decision stated that students who were involved in athletic programs could be drug tested as long as the student's privacy was not invaded. According to some in the medical profession, there are two purposes for drug tests: (1) to diagnose substance abuse and addiction; and (2) to help in the treatment for those recovering from abuse. In George W. Bush's 2004 State of the Union address, he proposed a 23 million dollar allocation in school funding to support drug-testing policies. In 2003, there was an 8 million dollar allowance for the same program. Overall, 5% of public schools drug test athletes and 3% drug test students who participate in extracurricular activities. Conclusions of major studies about drug testing include: (1) Drug use has gone down significantly since the 1980s, however, the use of alcohol and tobacco are at high levels; (2) The cost of drug testing is expensive and false positives are commonplace; (3) Students who are connected and involved in their schools have a lower incidence of drug use than those who are not; and (4) Investing in education programs, counseling, and other programs that will support connecting relationships were strongly recommended throughout the literature. (Contains 21 online resources.).