This Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) comprehensively addresses proposed Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) activities at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), New Mexico. It addresses future DTRA testing activities and expands on the current testing parameters addressed in existing National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents. It includes a review of current operations and would serve as an environmental reference for future planning and development of various programs. The proposed action (and preferred alternative) is comprised of nine activity-related categories: 1) collateral effects testing using simulant materials; 2) rock penetration testing; 3) hard target lethality and defeat testing; 4) advanced weapons lethality testing; 5) static high explosives testing for target lethality; 6) weapons effects testing using the Large Blast/Thermal Simulator; 7) anti-terrorism testing; 8) development of weapon effects targets and test beds; and 9) improvements to the Permanent High Explosive Test Site (PHETS) Administrative Park. The no action alternative would effectively cap the magnitude and extent of DTRA activities on WSMR and reduce the Department of Defense capability to control and eliminate weapons of mass destruction. The Final PEIS analyzes the environmental consequences of the proposed action and the no action alternative. Environmental subject areas include soils, water, biological resources, cultural resources, airspace, air quality, socioeconomics, and infrastructure. A 60-day comment period beginning January 27 and ending March 28, 2006 was made available, in which the public had an opportunity to comment on the Draft PEIS. All comments have been addressed in the Final PEIS.