This publication provides broad doctrinal guidance for joint forces involved in the use of airspace over the combat zone and contiguous areas. Airspace control as described in this publication includes the varied airspace of the combat zone foreign continent, high seas, amphibious objective area, littoral, or the North American Continent outside the United States, as well as contiguous areas such as the communications zone. Airspace control as described in this publication applies to the broadest interpretation of areas where combat forces are required to conduct operations, including operations other than war. The inherent nature of air operations demands strict compliance with terrestrial boundaries. Therefore, airspace control functions must ensure smooth transition from noncombat air traffic control to integrated air operations in the combat zone.