Riparian and Aquatic Habitats of the Pacific Northwest and Southeast Alaska

Riparian and Aquatic Habitats of the Pacific Northwest and Southeast Alaska
Author: Fred H. Everest
Publisher:
Total Pages: 146
Release: 2007
Genre: Aquatic habitats
ISBN:

Management of riparian habitats is controversial because land use policies have historically emphasized economic values (e.g., timber production) at the expense of ecological and social values. Attempting to manage these valuable resources to attain the greatest combination of benefits has created a long-term controversy that continues to the present. Our analysis indicates that at mid to large spatial scales, healthy riparian ecosystems and land management activities are not mutually exclusive, but the degree of compatibility is determined by policy decisions based on competing demands and pressing timelines as well as available scientific knowledge. Current management schemes on federal lands in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska are appropriately addressing large spatial scales and incorporating the principles of disturbance ecology. We found no scientific evidence that either the default prescriptions or the options for watershed analysis in the Northwest Forest Plan and Tongass Land Management Plan provide more protection than necessary to meet stated riparian management goals. We believe that additional alternative riparian management strategies could be implemented and evaluated in concert to shorten the time needed to realize effective strategies that fully meet riparian management goals.

Relations Between Geology and Mass Movement Features in a Part of the East Fork Coquille River Watershed, Southern Coast Range, Oregon

Relations Between Geology and Mass Movement Features in a Part of the East Fork Coquille River Watershed, Southern Coast Range, Oregon
Author: Jeffrey W. Lane
Publisher:
Total Pages: 214
Release: 1987
Genre: Geology
ISBN:

Various types of mass movement features are found in the drainage basin of the East Fork Coquille River in the southern Oregon Coast Range. The distribution and forms of mass movement features in the area are related to geologic factors and the resultant topography. The Jurassic Otter Point Formation, a melange of low-grade metamorphic and marine sedimentary rocks, is present in scattered outcrops in the southwest portion of the study area but is not extensive. The Tertiary Roseburg Formation consists primarily of bedded siltstone and is compressed into a series of west to northwest-striking folds. The overlying Lookingglass, Flournoy, and Tyee Formations consist of rhythmically bedded sandstone and siltstone units with an east to northeasterly dip of 5-15°decreasing upward in the stratigraphic section. The units form cuesta ridges with up to 2000 feet of relief. Signature redacted for privacy. The distribution of mass movements is demonstrably related to the bedrock geology and the study area topography. Debris avalanches are more common on the steep slopes underlain by Flournoy Formation and Tyee Formation sandstones, on the obsequent slope of cuesta ridges, and on north-facing slopes. Soil creep occurs throughout the study area and may be the primary mass movement form in siltstone terrane, though soil creep was not studied in detail. Slump-earthflows, rockfalls, and rock slumps also occur in the study area though less extensively than debris avalanches. Stratigraphy and bedrock attitude contributed to the pre-historic occurrence of a major landslide involving Flournoy and Tyee Formation bedrock. The Sitkum landslide dammed the East Fork Coquille River, forming a substantial lake which is now filled with sediments. The form and size of the Sitkum landslide is similar to other landslides which have dammed drainages in the Coast Range, including Loon Lake, Triangle Lake, and Drift Creek. Comparisons with the Loon Lake landslide, which has a known radiocarbon date, provide estimated dates of 3125 years B.P. for the Sitkum landslide and 10,300 years for the Triangle Lake landslide.

Sediment Transfer and Storage in Headwater Basins of the Oregon Coast Range

Sediment Transfer and Storage in Headwater Basins of the Oregon Coast Range
Author: Emily F. Underwood
Publisher:
Total Pages: 92
Release: 2008
Genre: Fluvial geomorphology
ISBN:

In steep headwater basins of the Oregon Coast Range (OCR), debris flows episodically deliver material from low-order tributary basins to larger catchments. Much of this material is stored in valleys and gradually removed by fluvial processes. Quantifying the transfer of material from hillslopes to mainstem channels is essential in understanding the routing of sediment through these headwater systems. This study employs a dense radiocarbon sampling strategy to characterize the transit times of material delivered from tributaries to Cedar Creek and Golden Ridge Creek in the central OCR. As proxies for transit-times, sixty-eight age estimates from 14C were removed from randomly assigned locations in the banks of tributary and mainstem channels at the channel confluences. Transit time distributions inferred from these age estimates have characteristic double-exponential shapes for both tributary deposits and imply mean transit times of 1240 14C yrs B.P. for Cedar and 1510 14C yrs B.P. for Golden Ridge Creek sites. This type of distribution indicates that younger deposits are preferentially evacuated such that, while most material moves through the tributary basins rapidly, there is a slower-moving component that can be stored in tributary deposits for millennia. Reservoir flux estimates derived from the inferred mean transit times indicate that most (>66%) of the sediment yield of the Cedar Creek tributary is stored in the fan for some time but, for the Golden Ridge Creek deposit, only a small part (3%) of the basin tributary basin yield is stored there. These results indicate that debris fans similar to that at Cedar Creek play an important role in the transition between debris-flow and fluvial processes by buffering higher-order streams from episodic debris-flow inputs. In both cases, however, these depositional features retain effects of disturbance lasting for millennia.