The face of terrorism has changed considerably in the 13-plus years since Beating International Terrorism was first published. Whereas we once considered terrorism to be primarily a tool of our archenemies in the Soviet Union, it currently has many faces and is much harder to fight. With the breakdown of the Soviet Union, there is no superpower counterpoise to the United States. People, and states, with perceived grievances against us are attacking in the only way they dare: with terrorist tactics. Terrorist groups proliferate, and the threat is more ambiguous and more complicated. More state sponsors have entered the field, and so have groups without the backing of any government-for example, criminals who are out for monetary rather than political gains. Terrorist groups now are typically smaller and harder to detect. They may have no hierarchy as such, but they can coordinate their actions by means of the Internet. This makes them harder for intelligence services to penetrate. But in light of the growing and easily availability of weapons of mass destruction-particularly biological ones-prior knowledge and effective action may be even more important to protect our nation. With the publication of this revised edition, Dr. Stephen Sloan, an internationally recognized expert on the subject, has taken a fresh look at the terrorist-fighting strategy he proposed in 1986 while serving a two-year tour with Air University's Center for (now College of) Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education. He finds that although his original proposal for fighting terrorists in their own nests was sound for the time, the present day situation calls for a much more stringent and long-term approach involving information warfare, special operations capability, and international cooperation. Dr. Sloan finds that, even faced with these new threats, US efforts against terrorism are blunted by bureaucratic infighting and turf battles. The question continues: Is terrorism a criminal act or an act of war? How we fight it depends on how that question is answered. He believes our efforts are still essentially reactive, and while we are learning to meet the challenge, the learning curve is much too slow. We hope this book will promote continued thought and discussion in the still very real "war in the shadows."