MUSIC in the BAROQUE ERA FROM Monteverdi TO Bach By MANFRED R BUKOFZER PROFESSOR OF MUSIC, THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. New York NORTON tf COMPANY INO COPYRIGHT, 1947, BY W. W. NORTON COMPANY, INC. NEW YORK, N. Y. IN THE tmiTED STATES OB AMERICA FOR THE PUBLISHERS BY THE VAIL-BALLOXJ PRESS MCE IVEO R. Y CMF 1869 1943 . A. I ion. eer o CONTENTS PREFACE xiii Chapter One RENAISSANCE versus BAROQUE MUSIC i Disintegration of Stylistic Unity i Stylistic Comparison between Renaissance and Baroque Music 9 The Phases of Baroque Music 16 Chapter Two EARLY BAROQUE IN ITALY 20 The Beginnings of the Concertato Style Gabriel 20 The Monody Peri and Caccini 25 Transformation of the Madrigal Monteverdi 33 The Influence of the Dance on Vocal Music 38 Emancipation of Instrumental Music Frcscobaldi 43 The Rise of the Opera Monteverdi 55 Tradition and Progress in Sacred Music 64 Chapter Three EARLY AND MIDDLE BAROQUE IN THE NORTHERN COUNTRIES 71 The Netherlands School and Its English Background 71 English Antecedents the Abstract Instrumental Style 72 The Netherlands Sweelinck 74 Germany and Austria in the 17th Century 78 Chorale and Devotional Song 79 Chorale Motet and Chorale Concertato Schein 83 The Dramatic Concertato Schiitz 88 Continue Lied, Opera, and Oratorio 97 Instrumental Music Scheldt, Froberger, and Biber 104 Chapter Four ITALIAN MUSIC OF THE MIDDLE BAROQUE 118 The Bel-Canto Style 118 The Chamber Cantata Luigi Rossi and Carissimi 120 vii viii Contents The Oratorio Carissimi and Stradella 123 The Venetian Opera School 128 Instrumental Music the Bologna School 136 Chapter Five FRENCH MUSIC UNDER THE ABSOLUTISM 141 The Ballet de Cour 141 French Reactions to Italian Opera 147 Comedie-Ballet andTragedie Lyrique Lully 151 Cantata, Oratorio, and Church Music 161 Lute Miniatures and Keyboard Music Gaultier and Chambon niires 164 Music in the Iberian Peninsula, New Spain, and Colonial America 174 Chapter Six ENGLISH MUSIC DURING THE COM MONWEALTH AND RESTORATION 180 The Masque and the English Opera Lawes and Blow 180 Consort Music Jenkins and Simpson 190 Anglican Church Music Porter, Humfrcy, and Blow 198 Henry Purcell, the Restoration Genius 203 Chapter Seven LATE BAROQUE LUXURIANT COUN TERPOINT AND CONCERTO STYLE 219 The Culmination of Late Baroque Music in Italy 219 The Rise of Tonality 219 Concerto Grosso and Solo Concerto 222 Ensemble Sonata and Solo Sonata 232 Opera Seria and Opera B Cantata and Sacred Music 239 Late Baroque and Rococo Style in France 247 Ensemble and Clavecin Music 247 Opera and Cantata in France 253 Chapter Eight FUSION OF NATIONAL STYLES BACH 260 The State of Instrumental Music in Germany before Bach 260 The State of Protestant Church Music before Bach 268 Bach The Early Period 270 Bach the Organist Weimar 275 Bach the Mentor C5then 282 Contents ix Bach the Cantor Leipzig 291 Bach, the Past Master 300 Chapter Nine COORDINATION OF NATIONAL STYLES HANDEL 306 The State of Secular Vocal Music in Germany before Handel 306 Handel German Apprentice Period 314 Italian Journeyman Period 318 English Master Period Operas Oratorios Instrumental Music 3 2 4 Bach and Handel, a Comparison 345 Chapter Ten FORM IN BAROQUE MUSIC 35 Formal Principles and Formal Schemes 350 Style and Form 362 Audible Form and Inaudible Order 365 Chapter Eleven MUSICAL THOUGHT OF THE BAROQUE ERA 37 Code of Performance Composer and Performer 371 Theory and Practice of Composition 382 MusicalSpeculation 39 Chapter Twelve SOCIOLOGY OF BAROQUE MUSIC 394 Courtly Musical Institutions of State and Church Private Patronage 394 Civic Musical Institutions Collective Patronage 401 Social and Economic Aspects of Music and Musicians 404 APPENDICES List of Abbreviations 4 5 Checklist of Baroque Books on Music 4 X 7 Bibliography 433 List of Editions 4 i List of Musical Examples 47 1 INDEX 475 ILLUSTRATIONS Facing page PLATE i. Claudio Monteverdi 80 PLATE 2. Schutz among his Choristers 81 PLATE 3. Carissimis The Deluge 112 PLATE 4...