This volume presents the results of the most recent scholarly investigation into Irish communities on the Continent in the early modern period. Essays deal not only with the activities of military, political and ecclesiastical migrants in Spain and France but also with Irish merchants in the Low Countries, Irish industrial entrepreneurs in Sweden and Irish diplomats in Saxony. Of particular significance are the synthetic essays that set the results of archival research into rigorous interpretative frameworks based on the latest advances in European and Irish historiography. This ground-breaking collection confirms the centrality of migrants and migrant communities in the evolution of early modern Europe and sets a demanding but exciting agenda for future collaborative work in the field.