Annular Two-Phase Flow

Annular Two-Phase Flow
Author: Geoffrey Hewitt
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 327
Release: 2013-10-22
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1483285235

Annular Two-Phase Flow presents the wide range of industrial applications of annular two-phase flow regimes. This book discusses the fluid dynamics and heat transfer aspects of the flow pattern. Organized into 12 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the classification of the various types of interface distribution observed in practice. This text then examines the various regimes of two-phase flow with emphasis on the regions of occurrence of the annular flow regime. Other chapters consider the single momentum and energy balances, which illustrate the differences and analogies between single- and two-phase flows. This book discusses as well the simple modes for annular flow with consideration to the calculation of the profile of shear stress in the liquid film. The final chapter deals with the techniques that are developed for the measurement of flow pattern, entrainment, and film thickness. This book is a valuable resource for chemical engineers.

Phase Flow Rate Measurements of Annular Flows

Phase Flow Rate Measurements of Annular Flows
Author: Qahtan Al-Yarubi
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:

In the international oil and gas industry multiphase annular flow in pipelines and wells is extremely important, but not well understood. This thesis reports the development of an efficient and cheap method for measuring the phase flow rates in two phase annular and annular mist flow, in which the liquid phase is electrically conducting, using ultrasonic and conductance techniques. The method measures changes in the conductance of the liquid film formed during annular flow and uses these to calculate the volumetric and mass flow rates of the liquid film. The gas velocity in the core of the annular flow is measured using an ultrasonic technique. Combined with an entrainment model and the liquid film measurements described above, the ultrasonic technique enables the volumetric flow rate of the gas in the core and the volumetric and mass flow rates of entrained liquid droplets to be measured. This study was based on experimental work and the use of modelling techniques. The practical investigation comprised a series of experiments conducted on a purpose built flow loop in which the test section was a Perspex pipe of 50mm ID. The experimental work was limited to two-phase air-water flow. The flow loop was specifically designed to accommodate the different instruments and subsystems designed in this investigation including bespoke flow meters and a film extraction system. Most flow loop controls were automated using a MATLAB program. Reference measurement of the total water flow rate was made using a calibrated turbine flow meter and of the air flow rate using a calibrated rotameter. For the combined ultrasonic/conductance method investigated in this thesis, the velocity of the gas in the core was found using a novel Ultrasonic Flow Meter (USFM). The positioning and arrangement of the transducers have never been used previously. The flow velocity of the liquid film and the thickness of the film were measured using a novel Conductance Flow Meter (CFM). The CFM measured the liquid film thickness using novel wall conductance probes. By cross correlating the signals from a pair of such probes the film velocity was obtained. Good agreement of the experimental results obtained from the CFM and USFM with results published in the literature was found. Although not investigated experimentally in the work described in this thesis, annular flows encountered in the oil industry may contain a liquid phase comprising a mixture of oil and water. For such flows, the volume fractions of the oil and water can be measured using an automated bypass system developed during this project. The bypass system periodically extracts part of the liquid film, measures its density and then releases the sample back into the pipeline. The liquid phase volume fractions are determined from this density measurement which can be performed more than once per minute. An entrainment model was developed, which is required by the ultrasonic/conductance flow metering technique described in this thesis, in which the mass fraction of the liquid flowing as entrained droplets in the core can be determined from the liquid film thickness and velocity measurements. A mathematical model was also developed to describe the properties of the liquid film, such as liquid velocity profile within the film, and the model?s results were found to agree with the experimental results obtained during the project and also with previous work cited in the literature. The complexity of this latter model was reduced by making a number of simplifying assumptions, which are presented and discussed in the thesis, including the assumption that in annular flow there is a dynamic balance liquid entrainment and droplets being deposited back onto the film. The combination of the designed CFM and USFM with the bypass tube and the entrainment model offer the opportunity for a?wet gas? flow meter to be developed to measure two and three phase annular flows at relatively low cost and with enhanced accuracy. Such a device would have the advantage that it would by substantially smaller than systems using separators and it could even be retrofitted onto off-shore platforms. The integration of the subsystems developed in this project into a single system capable of giving on-line measurements of annular flow would be a major benefit to the author?s sponsor, Petroleum Development of Oman.

Measuring Techniques in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows

Measuring Techniques in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows
Author: J.M. Delhaye
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 756
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 364282112X

A IUTAM symposium on "Measuring Techniques in Gas-Liquid Two Phase Flows" was held on July 5-8, 1983 in Nancy, France. This topic in cluded instrumentation for steam-water and liquid-vapor flows but strictly excluded measuring techniques for gas or liquid flows with solid particles. The top priority in the paper selection was given to presentations of new methods which had been substantiated by theoretical modeling, calibration tests and comparison tests with other techniques. Examples of experimental resul ts obtained with the proposed instrumentation had to be displayed. However the interpretation of these results in terms of two-phase flow or heat transfer modeling did not fall wi thin the scope of the meeting. Thirty four papers were presented during the Symposium and 79 participants coming from Canada, European countries, Japan and the United States attended the sessions. They represented not only Universities but also state agencies and private companies. After the meeting each paper was peer-reviewed by at least three referees. The Editors of this Procee dings Volume are pleased to extend their deep gratitude to the following reviewers: J.L. Achard, R.J. Adrian, B. Azzopardi, J.A. Boure, G. Costigan, M. Courtaud, A.E. Dukler, F. Durst, J.R. Fincke, G. Gouesbet, P. Griffith, T.J. Hanratty, A. Hawighorst, T.R. Heidrick, G. Hetsroni, Y.Y. Hsu, M.

Modelling and Experimentation in Two-Phase Flow

Modelling and Experimentation in Two-Phase Flow
Author: Volfango Bertola
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 433
Release: 2014-05-04
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3709125383

This is an up-to-date review of recent advances in the study of two-phase flows, with focus on gas-liquid flows, liquid-liquid flows, and particle transport in turbulent flows. The book is divided into several chapters, which after introducing basic concepts lead the reader through a more complex treatment of the subjects. The reader will find an extensive review of both the older and the more recent literature, with abundance of formulas, correlations, graphs and tables. A comprehensive (though non exhaustive) list of bibliographic references is provided at the end of each chapter. The volume is especially indicated for researchers who would like to carry out experimental, theoretical or computational work on two-phase flows, as well as for professionals who wish to learn more about this topic.

Effect of Pipe Diameter on Horizontal Annular Two-phase Flow

Effect of Pipe Diameter on Horizontal Annular Two-phase Flow
Author: Lawrence Robert Williams
Publisher:
Total Pages: 322
Release: 1990
Genre:
ISBN:

The effect of pipe diameter on horizontal annular flow is examined. Measurements of the local film height, the local droplet flux, the local velocity, and the entrained fraction for annular flow in a 9.53 cm horizontal pipe have been obtained. The measurements are compared with the results from previous investigators for horizontal annular flow in pipes with diameters of 2.54 cm and 5.08 cm. A new large scale two-phase flow facility has been designed and constructed. The facility has the ability to incline a 26.5 m pipe at angles between positive and minus 2.5 degrees from the horizontal. Local film height measurements show that the film distribution becomes increasingly asymmetric with increasing pipe diameter. The effect of pipe diameter on the asymmetries of the liquid film distribution is predicted approximately by a Froude number. At Froude numbers below 50, the liquid is stratified as a pool at the pipe bottom. A turbulent diffusion model developed by a co-researcher for the droplet concentration distribution is in good agreement with measurements at low gas velocities and low droplet concentrations. At higher droplet concentrations, velocity measurements suggest the existence of a secondary flow in the gas which inhibits droplet settling. Entrainment correlations developed from experiments in small diameter pipes, over predict the entrained fraction in large diameter pipes. A generalized entrainment correlation based on an equilibrium rate balance between the rate of atomization of droplets from the liquid film and the rate of deposition of droplets back to the liquid film is developed. The correlation is easily interpreted for two extremes of the liquid film distribution. When the film is distributed uniformly around the pipe wall, the entrainment relation reduces to a form developed by previous researchers. For conditions where the liquid film is stratified as a pool at the pipe bottom, a new entrainment relation is developed which is in good agreement with the results.

High Pressure Annular Two-phase Flow in a Narrow Duct. Part 1: Local Measurements in the Droplet Field, and Part 2: Three-field Modeling

High Pressure Annular Two-phase Flow in a Narrow Duct. Part 1: Local Measurements in the Droplet Field, and Part 2: Three-field Modeling
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2001
Genre:
ISBN:

In Part 1, detailed measurements were made in a high pressure, adiabatic (boiled at the inlet) annular flow in a narrow, high aspect ratio duct using a gamma densitometer, hot-film anemometer and high-speed video photography. Measurements of void fraction, droplet frequency, velocity, drop size, and interfacial area concentration have been made to support the three field computational capability. An important aspect of this testing is the use of a modeling fluid (R-134a) in a vertical duct which permits visual access in annular flow. This modeling fluid accurately simulates the low liquid-to-vapor density ratio of steam-water flows at high pressures. These measurements have been taken in a narrow duct of hydraulic diameter 4.85 mm, and a cross-section aspect ratio of 22.5. However, the flow displays profiles of various shapes not only in the narrow dimension, but also in the width dimension. In particular, the shape of the droplet profiles depends on the entrained droplet flux from the edges in the vapor core. The average diameter from these profiles compare well with the models developed in the literature. Interfacial area concentration for these low density ratio flows is higher than the highest concentration reported for air-water flows. Video records show that along with the bow-shaped waves, three-dimensional[lambda]-shaped waves appear in annular flows for high flow rates. Part 2 outlines the development of a three-field modeling approach in annular flow and the predictive capability of an analysis code. Models have been developed here or adapted from the literature for the thin film near the wall as well as the droplets in the vapor core, and have been locally applied in a fully developed, two-phase adiabatic boiling annular flow in a duct heated at the inlet at high pressure. Numerical results have been obtained using these models that are required for the closure of the continuity and momentum equations. The two-dimensional predictions are compared with local void fraction and droplet velocity (using a hot film anemometer), and average void fraction (using gamma densitometry) for a refrigerant fluid flowing in a narrow vertical duct with a cross-section aspect ratio of 22.5. Predicted results match the experimental data well for high void fraction annular flows, validating the overall modeling approach.