Adaptive Mac Protocols For Data Intensive Wireless Sensor Networks
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| Author | : Alvaro Enrique Monsalve Ballester |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This thesis presents PRIMAC, which is a medium access control protocol that provides quality of service for data-intensive wireless sensor networks through service differentiation. Data-intensive wireless sensor networks comprise nodes that generate high volumes of data during an event, for instance, images, audio, video or seismic monitoring. Data-intensive applications introduce new research challenges due to the high volume of data to be transmitted over unreliable channels, and the bursty nature of their transmission profiles. PRIMAC is based on a channel contention CSMA mechanism with non-uniform contention window. It achieves higher access priority for selected data-intensive nodes without deteriorating the network channel utilization. Experimental results demonstrate that PRIMAC provides better network performance than the widely adopted IEEE 802.15.4 standard, in terms of normalised channel throughput and packet delivery ratio.We also introduce wireless sensor network designs that could achieve optimal throughput for nodes with homogeneous data-intensive traffic conditions. The sensor nodes operate using the contention access method of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol with optimised setting of the standard protocol parameters. An analytical model of the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) algorithm is proposed and equations are derived to obtain the appropriate CSMA-CA parameters. We present PRIMAC-Uniform for homogeneous data-intensive WSNs, which is an enhanced carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance scheme of IEEE 802.15.4 with uniform contention window for that guarantees near optimal normalised channel throughput. We evaluate the performance of our protocol and compare it with the standard CSMA-CA algorithm of IEEE 802.15.4 by using an experimental testbed in an indoor environment. We find that PRIMAC-Uniform doubles the packet delivery ratio for any network size whilst keeping high levels of throughput. In summary, this thesis focuses on the design of medium access protocols and optimal network architecture for a newer generation of wireless sensor networks that have high data transmission requirements. The results demonstrate that data intensive WSNs could be realised through the implementation of optimal strategies in the nodes in order to successfully contend for a shared medium.
| Author | : Feng Xia |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 98 |
| Release | : 2015-06-04 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 366246361X |
This book provides a literature review of various wireless MAC protocols and techniques for achieving real-time and reliable communications in the context of cyber-physical systems (CPS). The evaluation analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 for CPS therein will give insights into configuration and optimization of critical design parameters of MAC protocols. In addition, this book also presents the design and evaluation of an adaptive MAC protocol for medical CPS, which exemplifies how to facilitate real-time and reliable communications in CPS by exploiting IEEE 802.15.4 based MAC protocols. This book will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, and students to better understand the QoS requirements of CPS, especially for healthcare applications.
| Author | : Maryam Vahabi |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 204 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Wireless sensor networking is an emerging technology that has a wide range of potential applications including monitoring, medical systems, real-time, robotic exploration and etc. Energy is a critical resource in battery-powered sensor networks. Medium access control has an important role in minimizing energy consumption while it is responsible for successful data transferring in the network. Periodic data collection is the most comprehensive way of data gathering mechanism in wireless sensor network in which nodes report their samples in specific time intervals. It is possible to have some nodes with different update intervals in the network and therefore, finding a solution to accommodate nodes with different sampling intervals while maintaining the energy efficiency is the primary concern of this thesis. In this work, we propose a schedule-based MAC protocol that supports periodic traffic with different sampling rates in an energy efficient manner while maintaining minimum packet loss and end-to-end delay. The schedule-based MAC design is used for eliminating the idle listening problem which leads to smaller energy consumption. We introduce a traffic adaptive technique that arranges the time schedule of each node with respect to its sampling rate. Route partitioning technique is the next step of our design to provide a collision free data transfer. By this mechanism, each route will be activated in a specific time regarding to the sampling interval of nodes that it involves. Using the enhanced time scheduling and route partitioning techniques with respect to nodes' sampling rate provides the basic design of our traffic adaptive algorithm. In order to represent traffic adaptive capability of the proposed protocol, some nodes are considered to generate data packets with higher data generation rates than other sensor motes in the network. The most relevant existing MAC protocol which support only one generation rate is then compared with our modified version. We then analyzed the estimated energy consumption and defined the maximum number of high sampling rate nodes that can be supported by the proposed protocol. The simulation results show that our adaptive protocol provides a minimum packet delay and the least packet loss rate compared to existing MAC protocol. The energy dissipation of the proposed protocol is much less than the existing MAC protocol when its duty cycle has been adjusted with respect to high traffic node's sampling rate. The proposed traffic adaptive MAC design can achieve around 35% improvement on energy efficiency while maintaining minimum end-to-end delay and packet loss rate.
| Author | : Dr. M. Nanda Kumar |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Energy efficient protocol design is the aim of current researches in the area of sensor networks where limited power resources impose energy conservation considerations. In this paper we concern for Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols the recent technology that is used in the Wireless sensor networks are appealing to researchers to achieve an efficient medium access protocol subject to power constraints. We outline the design of MAC layer protocols that employ adaptive duty cycle as means of further optimizing the energy conservation. In most case each nodes determines the duty cycle as a function of its own traffic load. The IEEE 802.15.4 is a new wireless personal area network designed for wireless monitoring and control applications. Of course the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol performs poorly for one-hop data collection in sense sensor network. Here we developed a new MAC protocol, EX-MAC that amalgamate the E-MAC and the X-MAC. EX-MAC protocol design methodology and results projected at self-learning, traffic adaptive algorithm for varying traffic conditions inherent to the WSNs. The design incorporates reliable and scalable energy-aware sensing network, in spite of node failures, minimizing energy consumption at the same time. Our present and future work is based on adaptive EX-MAC protocol that is designed for wireless sensor networks. Here we first highlighted the main draw back of the E-MAC and X-MAC and then a proposed solution that enables low duty cycle operation, dynamic sleep schedules to reduce the control overhead, traffic adaptive wakeup and low latency. To overcome this control overhead and latency, we suggested the contention based on CSMA/CA mechanism. This protocol is simulated in NS-2 and performs evaluated.
| Author | : David Munoz |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 297 |
| Release | : 2009-05-15 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0080921930 |
This book is the definitive guide to the techniques and applications of position location, covering both terrestrial and satellite systems. It gives all the techniques, theoretical models, and algorithms that engineers need to improve their current location schemes and to develop future location algorithms and systems. Comprehensive coverage is given to system design trade-offs, complexity issues, and the design of efficient positioning algorithms to enable the creation of high-performance location positioning systems. Traditional methods are also reexamined in the context of the challenges posed by reconfigurable and multihop networks. Applications discussed include wireless networks (WiFi, ZigBee, UMTS, and DVB networks), cognitive radio, sensor networks and multihop networks. Features Contains a complete guide to models, techniques, and applications of position location Includes applications to wireless networks, demonstrating the relevance of location positioning to these "hot" areas in research and development Covers system design trade-offs and the design of efficient positioning algorithms, enabling the creation of future location positioning systems Provides a theoretical underpinning for understanding current position location algorithms, giving researchers a foundation to develop future algorithms David Muñoz is Director and César Vargas is a member of the Center for Electronics and Telecommunications, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico. Frantz Bouchereau is a senior communications software developer at The MathWorks Inc. in Natick, MA. Rogerio Enríquez-Caldera is at Instituto Nacional de Atrofisica, Optica y Electronica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico. Contains a complete guide to models, techniques and applications of position location Includes applications to wireless networks (WiFi, ZigBee, DVB networks), cognitive radio, sensor networks and reconfigurable and multi-hop networks, demonstrating the relevance of location positioning to these ‘hot’ areas in research and development Covers system design trade-offs, and the design of efficient positioning algorithms enables the creation of future location positioning systems Provides a theoretical underpinning for understanding current position location algorithms, giving researchers a foundation to develop future algorithms
| Author | : Holger Karl |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 531 |
| Release | : 2007-10-08 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0470519231 |
Learn all you need to know about wireless sensor networks! Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks provides a thorough description of the nuts and bolts of wireless sensor networks. The authors give an overview of the state-of-the-art, putting all the individual solutions into perspective with one and other. Numerous practical examples, case studies and illustrations demonstrate the theory, techniques and results presented. The clear chapter structure, listing learning objectives, outline and summarizing key points, help guide the reader expertly through the material. Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks: Covers architecture and communications protocols in detail with practical implementation examples and case studies. Provides an understanding of mutual relationships and dependencies between different protocols and architectural decisions. Offers an in-depth investigation of relevant protocol mechanisms. Shows which protocols are suitable for which tasks within a wireless sensor network and in which circumstances they perform efficiently. Features an extensive website with the bibliography, PowerPoint slides, additional exercises and worked solutions. This text provides academic researchers, graduate students in computer science, computer engineering, and electrical engineering, as well as practitioners in industry and research engineers with an understanding of the specific design challenges and solutions for wireless sensor networks. Check out www.wiley.com/go/wsn for accompanying course material! "I am deeply impressed by the book of Karl & Willig. It is by far the most complete source for wireless sensor networks...The book covers almost all topics related to sensor networks, gives an amazing number of references, and, thus, is the perfect source for students, teachers, and researchers. Throughout the book the reader will find high quality text, figures, formulas, comparisons etc. - all you need for a sound basis to start sensor network research." Prof. Jochen Schiller, Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin
| Author | : Sabrieh Choobkar |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
We study the effects of multiple receiver nodes, size of preamble and variable duty-cycle on number of data retransmissions in both single-hop and multi-hop data forwarding. The analytical and numerical results demonstrate the applicability of the derived protocols in addition to energy efficiency, while maintaining comparable reliability in data delivery.
| Author | : Mohammad Reza Akhavan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 256 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : Wireless communication systems |
| ISBN | : |
We demonstrate through analytical and simulation that the proposed extensions improve the end-to-end energy efficiency and delay while maintaining comparable reliability of data delivery. • We apply RB-MAC to IETF ROLL'S RPL routing protocol [RFC6550] to study the multi- hop performance of RB-MAC. The analytical and simulation-based results show significant improvement in energy-efficiency, delay and reliability against sender-based MAC.
| Author | : Bilal Muhammad Khan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Development of Wireless Sensor Nodes revolutionaries sensing and control application. The size of sensor node makes it ideal to be used in variety of applications, but this brings more challenges and problems especially as the capacity of onboard battery is limited. It is due to the very reason that initial research in the field of WSN especially on MAC targets mainly on the energy conservation and gives secondary importance towards other attributes of MAC protocols. These attributes includes latency, throughput, fairness and collision. This research keeping in view of current application requirements which demands QoS as well as energy conservation in static and mobile sensor networks proposes MAC protocols to meet these challenges. In this research to improve the efficiency of the collision resolution algorithms used in mainly contention based MAC protocols, an Improved Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm is proposed. The main target of this protocol is to resolve the problem of access collision by employing interim backoff period. The protocol targets to improve upon the performance of conventional Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm which suffers heavily from collision. The result shows significant reduction in collision which increases the efficiency of the network in terms of QoS and energy conservation. To eliminate the problem of collision which is one of the major sources of network performance degradation a novel Delay Controlled Collision Free contention based MAC is designed. The protocol uses novel delay allocation technique. DCCF also provides mechanism to achieve fairness among the nodes. Detailed analysis and comparative result shows substantial increase in throughput and decrease in latency as compared to Industrial standard of IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA MAC. The research also proposed novel MAC protocols for mobile sensor networks. These protocols uses a methodology which is based upon signal strength of the beacon sent to the node from various neighbouring coordinators that enable the nodes to seamlessly enter from one cluster to another without any link loss and unnecessary delays in the shape of association. The proposed scheme is implemented over IEEE 802.15.4 enabling the standard to perform better with dynamic topology. Result shows that mobility adaptive 802.15.4 protocol shows improvement in QoS and conserve energy far better than the existing conventional CSMA/CA MAC standard. Also the algorithm is implemented over Delay Controlled Collision Free Mac protocol and a detail comparison is carried out with other mobility adaptive MAC protocols. The result shows significant decrease in latency as well as high gain in throughput and considerable reduction in energy as compared to the mobility adaptive MAC protocols. Finally in order to resolve fundamental problem of scalable network which suffers from bottleneck as more nodes in the last hop tries to send data towards the sink, a novel protocol is proposed which allows more than one node at a time to transmit the data towards the sink. The protocol named Simultaneous Multi node CSMA/CA enables the conventional industrial standard of IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA protocol to allow more than one node to transmit the data towards the coordinator or sink node. The protocol out performs the existing standard and provides significant increase in QoS of the network.
| Author | : Surjya S. Ray |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 143 |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
"One of the main challenges that prevents the large-scale deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is providing the applications with the required quality of service (QoS) given the sensor nodes' limited energy supplies. WSNs are an important tool in supporting applications ranging from environmental and industrial monitoring, to battlefield surveillance and traffic control, among others. Most of these applications require sensors to function for long periods of time without human intervention and without battery replacement. Therefore, energy conservation is one of the main goals for protocols for WSNs. Energy conservation can be performed in different layers of the protocol stack. In particular, as the medium access control (MAC) layer can access and control the radio directly, large energy savings is possible through intelligent MAC protocol design. To maximize the network lifetime, MAC protocols for WSNs aim to minimize idle listening of the sensor nodes, packet collisions, and overhearing. Several approaches such as duty cycling and low power listening have been proposed at the MAC layer to achieve energy efficiency. In this thesis, I explore the possibility of further energy savings through the advertisement of data packets in the MAC layer. In the first part of my research, I propose Advertisement-MAC or ADV-MAC, a new MAC protocol for WSNs that utilizes the concept of advertising for data contention. This technique lets nodes listen dynamically to any desired transmission and sleep during transmissions not of interest. This minimizes the energy lost in idle listening and overhearing while maintaining an adaptive duty cycle to handle variable loads. Additionally, ADV-MAC enables energy efficient MAC-level multicasting. An analytical model for the packet delivery ratio and the energy consumption of the protocol is also proposed. The analytical model is veried with simulations and is used to choose an optimal value of the advertisement period. Simulations show that the optimized ADV-MAC provides substantial energy gains (50% to 70% less than other MAC protocols for WSNs such as T-MAC and S-MAC for the scenarios investigated) while faring as well as T-MAC in terms of packet delivery ratio and latency. Although ADV-MAC provides substantial energy gains over S-MAC and T-MAC, it is not optimal in terms of energy savings because contention is done twice - once in the Advertisement Period and once in the Data Period. In the next part of my research, the second contention in the Data Period is eliminated and the advantages of contention-based and TDMA-based protocols are combined to form Advertisement based Time-division Multiple Access (ATMA), a distributed TDMA-based MAC protocol for WSNs. ATMA utilizes the bursty nature of the traffic to prevent energy waste through advertisements and reservations for data slots. Extensive simulations and qualitative analysis show that with bursty traffic, ATMA outperforms contention-based protocols (S-MAC, T-MAC and ADV-MAC), a TDMA based protocol (TRAMA) and hybrid protocols (Z-MAC and IEEE 802.15.4). ATMA provides energy reductions of up to 80%, while providing the best packet delivery ratio (close to 100%) and latency among all the investigated protocols. Simulations alone cannot reflect many of the challenges faced by real implementations of MAC protocols, such as clock-drift, synchronization, imperfect physical layers, and irregular interference from other transmissions. Such issues may cripple a protocol that otherwise performs very well in software simulations. Hence, to validate my research, I conclude with a hardware implementation of the ATMA protocol on SORA (Software Radio), developed by Microsoft Research Asia. SORA is a reprogrammable Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform that satisfies the throughput and timing requirements of modern wireless protocols while utilizing the rich general purpose PC development environment. Experimental results obtained from the hardware implementation of ATMA closely mirror the simulation results obtained for a single hop network with 4 nodes"--Page vi-viii.
