Excerpt from The Metallurgy of the Common Metals, Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper, Lead, and Zinc This outline of the metallurgy of the common metals, namely, gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, and zinc, is devoted to the de scription of the processes of winning the metals from their ores and to the refining of these metals, except iron, the metallurgy of which is treated only to the point where pig iron is obtained. Following the description of ores, as well as of the fuels used in treating them, and the materials of Which the furnaces are composed, we come to their sampling, for the determination of their exact value before treatment. A chapter has been devoted to the subject of thermo - chemistry as applicable to igneous methods of extraction. The winning or reduction of the various metals is then taken up in order and is followed by a description of the methods of refining them. Attention is then given to commercial considerations, since the processes must be conducted in a profitable way. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.