When is a Bribe a Bribe? Teaching a Workable Definition of Bribery

When is a Bribe a Bribe? Teaching a Workable Definition of Bribery
Author: James, Jr. (Harvey S.)
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2003
Genre:
ISBN:

In this paper I present an approach to teaching about and defining bribery that starts with the presumption that a payment, once defined as a "bribe," is prima facie unethical. That is, I make no distinction between "good bribes" and "bad bribes." In short, bribery cannot be justified. In this context, how could you determine precisely when a particular payment constitutes a bribe and when it does not? I present a framework for defining bribery in such a way that it (1) retains the presumption that bribery is unethical, (2) reflects our intuitive understanding of bribery, and (3) is flexible enough to effectively discriminate between bribe and non-bribe payments. This definition is based on the principal-agent relationship in that bribes are payments to agents to induce them to act against the interests of their principals. I begin the paper by describing a classroom exercise designed to force students to think about what a good definition of bribery ought to be. First, I give students a sheet of paper describing 11 brief scenarios in which a payment is to be made from one person to another. These scenarios are reproduced in the paper. Second, I ask them to identify which scenarios constitute the payment of a bribe, according to their understanding of bribery. Third, I challenge students to formulate a general definition of bribery that justifies their assessments of the specific cases they have identified as bribery. That is, they must develop one definition of bribery to account for each of the cases of bribery they identified. Fourth, I invite students to offer to the class whether or not a particular scenario is an example of bribery, what their definition of bribery is, and why their definition supports their conclusions. Finally, I apply their definitions to other scenarios to determine whether the definitions force the students to agree with their original assessments of what cases involved bribery. Examples of definitions typically offered are provided, along with my responses as to why they are inferior. I then offer a definition of bribery based on the principal-agent framework. A principal-agent relationship exists when a principal delegates some task or assignment to an agent, who is then made responsible for acting in the principal's interest. The important idea here is that the agent, by agreeing to enter into a principal-agent relationship, accepts the obligation to act in the interest of the principal. The concept of a principal-agent relationship provides a straightforward means of defining bribery. A bribe is a payment, made by a third party to an agent of a principal, in which the agent explicitly or implicitly agrees to take an action that is contrary to his duty as an agent of the principal and is thus not in the interest of the principal. A bribe cannot be, by definition, a payment made to a principal (although a payment made to a principal may be unethical for other reasons); only agents can be bribed, not principals. Effectively, this means that in assessing whether business payments are bribes, one should determine whether the person receiving the payment is an agent of a principal, and if the payment is going to be retained by the agent.

The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics

The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics
Author: George G. Brenkert
Publisher: Oxford Handbooks Online
Total Pages: 747
Release: 2010
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 019530795X

The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics is a comprehensive treatment of business ethics from a philosophical approach. Each chapter is written by an accomplished philosopher who surveys a major ethical issue in business, offers his or her own contribution to the issues that define that topic, and provides a bibliography that identifies key works in the field.

Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics

Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics
Author: Deborah C Poff
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 1944
Release: 2023-05-24
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3030227677

This encyclopedia, edited by the past editors and founder of the Journal of Business Ethics, is the only reference work dedicated entirely to business and professional ethics. Containing over 2000 entries, this multi-volume, major research reference work provides a broad-based disciplinary and interdisciplinary approach to all of the key topics in the field. The encyclopedia draws on three interdisciplinary and over-lapping fields: business ethics, professional ethics and applied ethics although the main focus is on business ethics. The breadth of scope of this work draws upon the expertise of human and social scientists, as well as that of professionals and scientists in varying fields. This work has come to fruition by making use of the expert academic input from the extraordinarily rich population of current and past editorial board members and section editors of and contributors to the Journal of Business Ethics.

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society
Author: Robert W. Kolb
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Total Pages: 4074
Release: 2018-03-27
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 148338151X

Spans the relationships among business, ethics, and society by including numerous entries that feature broad coverage of corporate social responsibility, the obligation of companies to various stakeholder groups, the contribution of business to society and culture, and the relationship between organizations and the quality of the environment.

Corruption and Environmental Law

Corruption and Environmental Law
Author: Ignatius Adeh
Publisher: LIT Verlag Münster
Total Pages: 402
Release: 2010
Genre: Corruption
ISBN: 364310541X

Dr. Adeh's work is a rich contribution to the discourse on oil resources and the twin problems of corruption and ecological degradation in Nigeria with lessons for other sub-Saharan African countries. It is indeed a purposeful scientific work on a theme of substantial contemporary interest, both practical and theoretical. He presents a compelling case on how to dethrone both problems of corruption and environmental degradation and enthrone a lasting sustainable development in the Niger Delta.

Managing with Integrity

Managing with Integrity
Author: Augustine Chennattu
Publisher: Fortress Press
Total Pages: 314
Release: 2020-04-06
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1506450431

Managing with Integrity challenges the readers to explore different perspectives on and conceptions of corporate ethics. It is situated within the broader context of the emerging interests of the people of India to eradicate corporate unethical conduct. The massive protest against corporate unethical conduct and public opinion puts leaders, top managers and employees under strong social and political pressure. This book aims at articulating arguments for the necessity of incorporating personal integrity formation along with codes of ethical conduct to reduce unethical corporate activity more steadily and effectively. This book is an ethical guide for managers, employees, politicians, clergy, candidates for priesthood, and business students, equipping them to eradicate corporate unethical conduct from all spheres of life.

Human Rights and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Human Rights and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications
Author: Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher: IGI Global
Total Pages: 2160
Release: 2014-09-30
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1466664347

In today’s increasingly interconnected and global society, the protection of basic liberties is an important consideration in public policy and international relations. Profitable social interactions can begin only when a foundation of trust has been laid between two parties. Human Rights and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications considers some of the most important issues in the ethics of human interaction, whether in business, politics, or science and technology. Covering issues such as cybercrime, bioethics, medical care, and corporate leadership, this four-volume reference work will serve as a crucial resource for leaders, innovators, educators, and other personnel living and working in the modern world.

Handbook of Research on Economic Growth and Technological Change in Latin America

Handbook of Research on Economic Growth and Technological Change in Latin America
Author: Christiansen, Bryan
Publisher: IGI Global
Total Pages: 534
Release: 2014-06-30
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1466662255

Investment in Latin America is continuously developing in complex patterns due to the region’s increasing role in the global economy. The Handbook of Research on Economic Growth and Technological Change in Latin America helps readers to better understand the importance of Latin America in today’s global economy. The book discusses the developments of investments involving Latin American Multinational Corporations (“Multilatinas”) within the region. This investment is having profound influences on the state of business, government, and technological development in Latin America, which are all explored in this reference publication for use by researchers, scholar-practitioners, business executives, students, and academicians.

Business Ethics in Biblical Perspective

Business Ethics in Biblical Perspective
Author: Michael E. Cafferky
Publisher: InterVarsity Press
Total Pages: 492
Release: 2015-08-19
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0830898662

Michael Cafferky sets a new standard in the field of business ethics with this comprehensive textbook from a Christian perspective. Using twelve biblical themes to evaluate contemporary ethical approaches and concerns, he covers consumer behavior, management, accounting, marketing, corporate responsibility and more.