SHORT HISTORICAL NOTE Founded in January 1948 as the Institute for Physics it quickly attracted the attention of young talented university graduates of almost all fields of the natural and engineering sciences. As it grew, its research activities diversified, and by 1953 it had already become a recognized nuclear sciences research center. Its name underwent changes from the Institute for Physics, to the Institute for the Investigation of the Structure of Matter (1950), and to the "Boris Kidrich" Institute of Nuclear Sciences (1953), to arrive to its present name in January 1992. The foundation of the Institute was a reflection of the understanding that science is far too significant for a small developing country to be left to the care of universities alone. Consequently, with generous help from the Government, the growth of the Institute continued until the early Sixties. By then, two research reactors, several well equipped laboratories, and a rich library were put in operation - the Institute became well known and respected. In the late Sixties the Government, mainly for economic reasons, decided to make significant cuts in the national nuclear programme. As a result, a number of the Institute's research activities had to be replaced by research and development programmes associated with the country's industrial development. During the two Research areas Since its foundation in 1948 the basic and applied research activities o f the Institute have dea/t with the peaceful uses o f nuclear energy. They have gradually heen complemented hy research concerning classical aspects ofphysics, chemistry, biology, poxver engineering, environmental protection, electronics, etc. The last decade, heavily affected by the disintegration o f the country, has, to a great extent, been devoted to preservation o f the Institute's research potentials and to maintaining existing connections with the world ofscience. Physics • elementary particle physics • nuclear physics • radiophysics • atomic and molecular physics • solid state physics • plasma physics • theoretical physics Chemistrv Biology • genome typing • genetic epidemiology • immunology • molecular biology • endocrinology • experimental hematology • bioinformatics • radiation chemistry • physical chemistry • analytical chemistry • inorganic chemistry • surface chemistry • colloidal chemistry • kinetics and thermodynamics • radiochemistry • radiopharmacy Radiation Protection • radiation safety and protection • dosimetry • radioactive waste treatment • environmental monitoring • occupational exposure control • decontamination Energy & Nudear Technologies • thermal engineering • thermal power generation • coal combustion • drying • alternative and renewable energy sources • nuclear energy • reactor physics • neutron physics • nuclear safety • nuclear facilities and environment • fast reactor physics • radiation protection • fusion • accellerators • decommissioning of nuclear facilities electronic measurement methods dosimetric measurements design of electronic instrumentation logistics quality computer controlled systems multimedia systems Materials • synthesis of nanoscale powders • powder processing • ceramic, metal and carbon based materials and composites • alloys The Laboratory for Physics was one of the first two research units of the Institute. It was the core whose growth provided the driving force for establishing new research laboratories and extending the scope of work carried out bv the Institute. Today, physics research is carried out in several laboratories. Physics Laboratory of Physics - was established in 1948. In its present form it has been in operation since 1995. The main activities are design, construction and use of the TESLA Accelerator Installation. Main research topics: • elementary particle physics - electron-positron and proton-proton collsions at high energies, electroweak interactions and hadronic physics • nuclear physics - (n, xn) nuclear reactions • radiophysics - production of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals • condensed matter physics - physics of thin crystals • accelerator technologies - design and construction of accelerators Laboratory of Nuclear and Plasma Physics existing in its present form since 1995 and continuing part of the research of the original Laboratory for Physics. Main research topics: • high energy nuclear physics and rare nuclear processes • nuclear physics - methods and instrumentation • nuclear spectroscopy • hyperfine interactions • heavy ion nuclear physics • radioactive nuclear beam physics • design and construction of super conducting magnets, cryostats, microwave systems and ECR ion sources • beam optics • design and construction of solar energy devices Laboratory of Theoretical and Condensed Matter Physics founded in 1969 to bring all theoreticians in the Institute under one roof. Main research topics: • condensed matter physics • magnetism and magnetic materials • crystal structures • atomic and molecular physics • fundamental problems in quantum theory • elementary particle physics and gravitation Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Physics From 1976 joint Laboratory of one of the Institute's earliest chemistry departments (Radiation Chemistry) and Solid State Physics founded in 1957 among the first offsprings of the original Physics Laboratory. Main research topics (Physics): • polymer physics • defects in semiconductors • structure and dynamic of condensed systems • radiation modification of polymers • magnetic relaxation in condensed systems Laboratory of Atomic Physics founded in 1965 as an extension of the former Department of Isotope Separation. Main research topics: • collision processes at phase boundaries • physics of condensed matter and new materials • plasma physics in conditions close to KTF • fundamental investigations of physical processes in material vacuum processing • development of experimental and analytical methods for research into fusion plasma • thin films physics • simultaneous filtering of flue gases from S02 and NOx (Chemistry): • radiation chemistry • polymer physical-chemistry • free radicals in biological systems • photochemistry of small colloidal particles • nanostructured materials • radiation modification of polymers • analytical chemistry of organic compounds Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry existing in its present form since 1966, to a great extent continues the research activities of the original Physical Chemistry Laboratory. • chemi-sensors Main research topics: • chemistry of isotopes • mass spectrometry and high temperature chemistry • laser chemistry • complex compound and analytical chemistry • applied electrochemistry • multichannel emission spectrometers • gas lasers • optical spectroscopy • nanostructured materials Chemical Dynamics Laboratory grew out of the Department for Spent Fuel Reprocessing (Hot Laboratory) in 1956. A part of the laboratory is the Continuous Education Center, founded in 1958 as the School for Isotopes. Main research topics: • chemistry of separation processes • surface and colloidal chemistry • nanostructured materials • preparation and characterization of inorganic materials • chemical thermodynamics and thermo chemistry • analytical chemistry • physical chemistry of fast processes The first Physical Chemistry Laboratory was established in 1948. Later on other chemistry oriented departments were formed such as Radiation Chemistry, Hot laboratory and Chemical Dynamics. Chemistry has been represented to a large extent in other areas like Radiation Protection and Materials Science. Laboratory for Radioisotopes - the radioisotope programme was originally formulated in the late fifties within the programme of the so-called Hot Laboratory. The Laboratory has existed in its present form since 1971. Main research topics: • labelling of different compounds and biomolecules with the radionuclides (Tc-99, Tc-99m, 1-125,1-131 and others) • coordination compounds of Tc, Re, Sn and other metals • development of new radiopharmaceuticals for in vivo and in vitro diagnostic • development of new quality control methods • development of new medical tests for diagnostic purpose Biology Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics existing in its present form since 1990. Main research topics: • genome typing • molecular genetics of cardiovascular and infectious diseases • oncogenetics • experimental cancer therapy • biochemistry of radiation response GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY • Screening of DNA polymorphisms in candidate genes for the most common diseases in the Serbian population (vascular, malignant, neurodegenerative, renal diseases) Genetic involvement in dislipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and both gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are included. The collaborative studies with the clinics are performed on both healthy persons and patients, giving important informations about the population genomic structure for the pharmacogenomic studies in the future. GENOME TYPING APPLICATIONS • forensic tests • diagnosis and therapy of infectious diseases • control of blood products • tissue and organ transplantation • control of live-stock production • biodiversity Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology an independent research unit within the Institute since 1973. Main research topics: MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY • Transduction of hormonal signal on regulation of cell function of normal and transformed tissues: genomic and extra genomic effects of steroid hormones ("cross-talk" between insulin and steroid hormone action, the role of hormones in cell death, modulation of antioxidant enzymes by ovarian hormones, membrane transporting systems) • Mechanisms of neuroendocrine regulation (regulation of reproduction, the role of antioxidants in protection by oxidative damage, the regulation of ATP-ases activity by ovarian hormones, role of cateholamines in response to stress) MOLECULAR RADIOBIOLOGY • biodosimetry • the role of antioxidant enzymes in radiation response • genetic and cell toxicology - possibilities of clinical applications The original Lahoratory for Radiobiology established in 1949 as the third research laboratory in the Institute, studied the effects of radiation on living organisms and the nature of radiation induced disorders. At present there are two laboratories for bio/ogical research. Radiation Protection Laboratory for Radiation and Environmental Protection - started as the Radiation Protection Department in 1959. Later in 1979 expanded its research to the environmental processes, becoming the Laboratory for Radiation and Environmental Protection. Main research topics: • risk assessment • radiation safety • transport of radiation and shielding • radiation dosimetry • radiation metrology • operational radiation protection and safety • non-ionizing radiation measurements and protection • radiation monitoring • migration of radio nuclides in the environment • vvaste vvater processing • radioactive vvaste management m v r P T t T : . 1 J t % Ipf/ii- 1 Sm * ^ mm ‘‘T*. ■ Laboratory for Medical Protection founded in 1959. Main research topics: • medical control and protection of person's occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation • determination of activity of antioxidative enzyme • determination of level of internal contamination by vvhole body activity counter • epidemiological studies of populations exposed to radon in enclosing facilities • human decontamination • human factors research in radiation safety and risk perception Energy & Nudear Technologies Laboratory for Thermal Engineering and Energy - since 1972 has continued the work of the former Laboratory for Reactor Thermal Engineering (founded in 1958). Main research topics: research and development in thermal power generation process engineering fluid flow heat and mass transfer combustion thermal properties of materials temperature and pressure metrology experimental research mathematicarmodelling and computer fluid dynamics field measurements of flow and thermodynamic parameters gas and particle emission measurements clean coal combustion technologies fluidized bed combustion technologies biomass and industrial waste drying thermal plasma technologies renewable energy sources (biomass) i i i nuclear facilities safety VIII: i § • • • • • o ii Center for Nuclear Technologies and Research (NTI) - since 1973 (as Nuclear Engineering Laboratory) has continued the research of the former Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Dynamics (founded in 1955). The Center runs and maintains the research zero power RB nuclear reactor, and tasks on decommissioning of RA research reactor. Main research topics: • theory and modelling of nuclear reactor processes • reactor experimental methods • particle transport theory and statistical physics • nuclear reactor analysis and design • fast neutron fields analysis • reactor safety analysis • decommissioning of nuclear facilities • fast reactor physics • radiation protection • fusion • accelerators The first investigations in electronics began within the original Physics and Physical Chemistry Laboratories. Laboratory for Computer System Design grew, as an independent laboratory, out of the original Electronics Laboratory in 1980. Main research topics: • computer-controlled automatic systems • multimedia systems • software engineering Laboratory for Electronics - founded as an independent research laboratory in 1959. Main research topics: • electronic measurement methods • programmable electronic instrumentation • health physics instrumentation • virtual instrumentation • isotopic gauges • microprocessor or PC based measurement and control systems • measurement/monitoring networks • computer networks • systems, logistics and software engineering • implementation of quality management systems Materials Foreign Trade Department was founded in 1979. Main activities: • Trade in radiopharmaceuticals • Import and export of equipment, spare parts, chemicals, books an consumer goods • Dealing with international payments • Customs clearance Foreign Trade Laboratory for Materials Science since 1978 has continued the research of the former Reactor Materials Laboratory (founded in 1962). Main research topics: • metallic melt crystallization • special metallic materials (superalloys, dental alloys, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, intermetallic compounds, metal matrix composites) • high-temperature and dispersion hardened metals and alloys • materials selection, characterization and failure analysis • carbon based materials (carbon fibers, carbon textiles, carbon-carbon composites, carbon and glass-fibres reinforced polymer matrix composites, pyrolitic carbon, glassy carbon, diamond coatings, graphite-based materials) • ceramic materials (synthesis and processing of ceramic powders, processing of technical sintering and hot pressing of oxide and non-oxide monolithic and composite ceramics, plasma spray • Forwarding business....