Shadow Sovereign Ratings for Unrated Developing Countries

Shadow Sovereign Ratings for Unrated Developing Countries
Author: Dilip Ratha
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Total Pages: 37
Release: 2007
Genre: Access to Finance
ISBN:

The authors attempt to predict sovereign ratings for developing countries that do not have risk ratings from agencies such as Fitch, Moody's, and Standard and Poor's. Ratings affect capital flows to developing countries through international bond, loan and equity markets. Sovereign rating also acts as a ceiling for the foreign currency rating of sub-sovereign borrowers. As of the end of 2006, however, only 86 developing countries have been rated by the rating agencies. Of these, 15 countries have not been rated since 2004. Nearly 70 developing countries have never been rated. The results indicate that the unrated countries are not always at the bottom of the rating spectrum. Several unrated poor countries appear to have a 'B' or higher rating, in a similar range as the emerging market economies with capital market access. Drawing on the literature, the analysis presents a stylized relationship between borrowing costs and the credit rating of sovereign bonds. The launch spread rises as the credit rating deteriorates, registering a sharp rise at the investment grade threshold. Based on these findings, a case can be made in favor of helping poor countries obtain credit ratings not only for sovereign borrowing, but for sub-sovereign entities' access to international debt and equity capital. The rating model along with the stylized relationship between spreads and ratings can be useful for securitization and other financial structures, and for leveraging official aid, for improving borrowing terms in poor countries.

Triple Play: An Unrated! Prequel

Triple Play: An Unrated! Prequel
Author: Leslie Kelly
Publisher: Harlequin
Total Pages: 61
Release: 2013-12-24
Genre: Fiction
ISBN: 1459255488

Introducing Unrated!, the hottest—and naughtiest—new miniseries from Blaze! Sneak a playful peek with this sexy prequel novella from New York Times bestselling author Leslie Kelly… When she was eighteen, Emily Crowder was naughty for the first time in her life. She slipped naked into Rand McConnell's bed, experienced her first (and best) orgasm…and lost her heart. Then Rand disappeared without a word. Seven years later, Rand strides back into her life, now a famous ballplayer, every woman's lust-filled fantasy—and a guest at Emily's hotel. He says he wants to explain…and he wants to finish what they started. Emily's Good Girl side reminds her of the pain she felt when Rand left the last time. But Emily has played the Good Girl for far too long. Perhaps it's time she let her Very, Very Naughty side take over again. Only this time, Rand is going to play by her rules… Don't miss out on even more steamy Unrated! books from Harlequin Blaze!

The Handbook of Municipal Bonds

The Handbook of Municipal Bonds
Author: Sylvan G. Feldstein
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 1381
Release: 2011-01-13
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1118044940

In The Handbook of Municipal Bonds, editors Sylvan Feldstein and Frank Fabozzi provide traders, bankers, and advisors—among other industry participants—with a well-rounded look at the industry of tax-exempt municipal bonds. Chapter by chapter, a diverse group of experienced contributors provide detailed explanations and a variety of relevant examples that illuminate essential elements of this area. With this book as your guide, you’ll quickly become familiar with both buy side and sell side issues as well as important innovations in this field.

Selling the Splat Pack

Selling the Splat Pack
Author: Mark Bernard
Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
Total Pages: 204
Release: 2015-05-29
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 0748685529

The role of the DVD market in the growth of ultraviolent horror in the 2000s

Technical Report

Technical Report
Author: United States. Commission on Obscenity and Pornography
Publisher:
Total Pages: 240
Release: 1971
Genre: Erotica
ISBN: