Understanding the Genetic Basis of Natural Variation in the Regulation of Circadian Clock of Neurospora Crassa

Understanding the Genetic Basis of Natural Variation in the Regulation of Circadian Clock of Neurospora Crassa
Author: Tae Sung Kim
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2009
Genre:
ISBN:

Circadian clock has been found in all forms of life from bacteria to humans. Its biological function is thought to provide organisms with time keeping ability, which enables organisms to control their behavioral, physiological and cellular activities efficiently on daily basis environmental changes. Over the past four decades, Neurospora crassa has been developed as a model organism for the study of circadian clocks. However, despite the intensive molecular characterizations of the Neurospora circadian clock, our understanding of this system is far from comprehensive. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analyses, using natural strains, have been successfully utilized over the past decade to dissect complex traits down to a naturally occurring polymorphism that is relevant to phenotypic variations. The high quality genomic sequence and sophisticated molecular biology tools, in combination with the QTL analysis, may make it possible to increase the understanding of mechanisms of circadian regulation and may also provide insights into the biological role of the circadian clock, especially in the process of adapting to local environments, a topic that is somewhat overlooked in current research. In this work, I have explored an alternative strategy to uncover new perspectives in the Neurospora circadian clock. My research has laid the groundwork for QTL analysis and has demonstrated QTL analysis of the clock phenotypes, period and entrained phase using natural populations. In chapter II, I describe the computational, statistical and genetic analyses performed to evaluate the marker potential of Neurospora simple sequence repeat (SSR) and to investigate the biological role of the SSR In chapter III, I describe the research regarding the development of two important bioinformatic tools which include 1) a genetic marker management system which facilitates QTL analysis and subsequent positional cloning steps, and 2) an automatic image processing system for the Neurospora circadian clock phenotype. Lastly, in chapter IV, I describe the results of QTL analysis for the two clock phenotypes (period, phase) in three natural F1 populations using two independent statistical methods. Subsequently, I confirmed the QTL effects of one of those in the BC4 generation which were predicted from the F1 populations by constructing near isogenic lines (NIL).

Natural Variation and Clocks

Natural Variation and Clocks
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 108
Release: 2017-10-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0128118121

Natural Variances and Clocks, Volume 99 in the Advances in Genetics series provides the latest information on the rapidly evolving field of genetics, presenting new medical breakthroughs and advances. This updated release includes chapters on a variety of new research, including the Natural variation of the circadian clock in Neurospora, Natural variation and genetics of the photoperiodic timer in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Natural variation in human clocks, and Natural variation in the circadian clock genes in Drosophila and other insects. This series continually publishes important reviews that are ideal for geneticists and their colleagues in affiliated disciplines, critically analyzing future directions. Critically analyzes future directions for the study of clinical genetics Written and edited by recognized leaders in the field Presents new medical breakthroughs that are occurring as a result of advances in our knowledge of genetics

The Genetics of Circadian Rhythms

The Genetics of Circadian Rhythms
Author: Stuart Brody
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 269
Release: 2011-09-26
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0123876907

In this book an international group of authors describes recent research on circadian rhythms in bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and humans.

Understanding Circadian Output Networks in Neurospora Crassa

Understanding Circadian Output Networks in Neurospora Crassa
Author: Rigzin N. Dekhang
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

The Neurospora crassa circadian clock is based on a highly regulated molecular negative feedback loop, similar to molecular clocks in all eukaryotes. A core component of the N. crassa molecular clock is the White Collar complex (WCC), composed of the blue light photoreceptor WC-1 and its partner WC-2. The WCC serves as a master regulator that controls light signaling, and the precise timing of target gene expression. Up to 40% of the eukaryote genome is under the control of the clock at the level of transcript abundance, but the molecular links between the core oscillator and downstream target genes, as well as the mechanisms controlling the phase of rhythmic gene expression, are not understood. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq), about 400 binding sites for the WCC were identified throughout the N. crassa genome. We found that 24 transcription factors (TFs) were significantly enriched among the direct WCC target genes. As expected for genes that are controlled by the WCC, the first-tier TFs are both clock- and light-regulated. These data led to the hypothesis that the WCC functions to control rhythms in TFs, which in turn control rhythmicity and phase of downstream target genes and processes. To test this hypothesis, the first-tier TF ADV-1 (Arrested Development-1) was investigated in detail to characterize the downstream circadian genetic network. ADV-1 target genes were identified using ChIP- and RNA-seq, and as expected many ADV-1 downstream target genes were light-responsive and/or clock-controlled. An enrichment for ADV-1 target genes involved in cell fusion, a process that is critical for normal vegetative and sexual development in N. crassa, provided a rationale for the observed developmental defects in ADV-1 deletion cells, and suggested that cell fusion is clock-controlled. Importantly, this work revealed that the transduction of time-of-day information through ADV-1 to its downstream targets is more complex than anticipated. Specifically, I show that deletion of ADV-1 does not always lead to predicted changes in rhythmic gene expression and/or phase, suggesting that ADV-1 functions in combination with other first-tier TFs to control rhythmicity. In support of this idea, genome-wide binding profiles of all of the first-tier TFs uncovered complex feedback and feed forward regulation involving ADV-1. Thus, my data revealed that in order to fully understand how the clock signals phase information to downstream targets, we need to go beyond the candidate gene approach, and instead develop computational models from our TF ChIP-seq and rhythmic transcriptome data to model how time of day information is transduced in the molecular circadian output gene network. Predictions of the model can then be validated using ADV-1 deletion cells alone, or in combination with deletion of other first-tier TFs in the network, with the goal of deriving design principles that define conserved aspects of the circadian output network in all eukaryotes, and important in human health. To test this hypothesis, the first-tier TF ADV-1 (Arrested Development-1) was investigated in detail to characterize the downstream circadian genetic network. ADV-1 target genes were identified using ChIP- and RNA-seq, and as expected many ADV-1 downstream target genes were light-responsive and/or clock-controlled. An enrichment for ADV-1 target genes involved in cell fusion, a process that is critical for normal vegetative and sexual development in N. crassa, provided a rationale for the observed developmental defects in ADV-1 deletion cells, and suggested that cell fusion is clock- controlled. Importantly, this work revealed that the transduction of time-of-day information through ADV-1 to its downstream targets is more complex than anticipated. Specifically, I show that deletion of ADV-1 does not always lead to predicted changes in rhythmic gene expression and/or phase, suggesting that ADV-1 functions in combination with other first-tier TFs to control rhythmicity. In support of this idea, genome-wide binding profiles of all of the first-tier TFs uncovered complex feedback and feed forward regulation involving ADV-1. Thus, my data revealed that in order to fully understand how the clock signals phase information to downstream targets, we need to go beyond the candidate gene approach, and instead develop computational models from our TF ChIP-seq and rhythmic transcriptome data to model how time of day information is transduced in the molecular circadian output gene network. Predictions of the model can then be validated using ADV-1 deletion cells alone, or in combination with deletion of other first-tier TFs in the network, with the goal of deriving design principles that define conserved aspects of the circadian output network in all eukaryotes, and important in human health. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155195

Circadian Clocks and Their Adjustment

Circadian Clocks and Their Adjustment
Author: Derek J. Chadwick
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 348
Release: 2008-04-30
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0470514604

Prestigious contributors describe the genetic, molecular, anatomical and neurochemical mechanisms and pathways that operate to regulate and control circadian rhythmicity and functioning in organisms ranging from unicellular algae to human beings. Also considers the implications of the basic and clinical research for humans.

Uncovering the Circadian Output Pathways of Neurospora Crassa

Uncovering the Circadian Output Pathways of Neurospora Crassa
Author: Michael William Vitalini
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:

The ubiquity of circadian systems has allowed their characterization in a broad range of model systems, which has greatly improved knowledge of how these systems are organized and the vast range of cellular and organismal processes under circadian control. Most of the advances, however, have come in describing the central oscillators of these systems, and, in some cases, the input pathways used to coordinate these oscillators to external time. Very little progress has been made in understanding the output pathways that allow circadian systems to regulate the breadth of processes shown to be clock-controlled. A genetic selection was designed to obtain mutations in genes involved in circadian regulated expression of the Neurospora crassa ccg-1 and ccg-2 genes. Some, but not all, of the strains obtained display altered regulation of more than one ccg as well as an 'Eas-like' appearance on solid media, and altered circadian period on race tubes. The data suggest a model in which output from the clock to these two genes is through a single, bifurcated pathway. The cloning of the gene mutated (rrg-1) in one of the strains from the above selection led to the first molecular description of a circadian output pathway in Neurospora, the HOG MAP kinase pathway. The HOG pathway has been previously described with regard to its role in the osmotic-stress response. The discovery of the involvement of rrg-1 in circadian regulation of ccg-1 and ccg-2 led to the discovery of regulation of the HOG pathway by the circadian clock. The data indicate that osmotic stress information and time-of-day information are transduced through the HOG pathway and implicate a role for the clock in preparing the organism for daily occurrences of hyperosmotic stress associated with sun exposure. The genetic selection, and the description of the HOG pathway with regard to circadian output, provide a basis for further characterization of circadian output in Neurospora. The ubiquity of MAP kinase pathways, such as the HOG pathway, and the observed similarities in the mechanisms of circadian clock function across multiple phyla, indicate that these findings may well be applicable to other model systems.

BZIP Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in the Neurospora Circadian System

BZIP Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in the Neurospora Circadian System
Author: Alejandro Esteban Montenegro Montero
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

Circadian clocks are endogenous cellular timekeepers that confer daily rhythms to a large number of biological processes. These clocks are present in various organisms across different evolutionary lineages, in which they regulate close to 24-hours rhythms in gene expression, physiology and behavior, enabling individuals to anticipate predictable environmental variations. The ascomycete Neurospora crassa has played a key role in the unveiling of the molecular and genetic basis of these time-telling machineries. In Neurospora, as in other eukaryotes, the integration of a series of cellular and molecular processes gives rise to a robust cell-based pacemaker, capable of coordinating rhythmic control of several aspects of their biology. Although a detailed molecular description of the core oscillator or pacemaker is now possible in model eukaryotes, there is limited information on the mechanisms that allow it to regulate rhythmic processes. Such output pathways, the circuits through which the pacemaker endows different processes with rhythmicity, are the least characterized aspect of circadian systems. In Neurospora, a hierarchical arrangement of transcriptional regulators has been proposed as the main mechanism through which the clock regulates rhythmic gene expression.