Understanding the Changing Equilibrium Real Interest Rates in Asia-Pacific

Understanding the Changing Equilibrium Real Interest Rates in Asia-Pacific
Author: Feng Zhu
Publisher:
Total Pages: 33
Release: 2016
Genre: Interest rates
ISBN:

"This paper studies the evolution of the equilibrium real interest rate (ie natural or neutral interest rate) in Asia-Pacific. The author takes an empirical approach to estimate the rate, simple estimates suggest that except for China, and Thailand since 2005, the natural interest rate may have declined substantially in Asian-Pacific economies since the early or mid-1990s, by over 4 percentage points on average. In many economies the rate has turned negative. The tendency has become more accentuated in the 2000s, especially since the onset of the global financial crisis. Yet simple natural interest rate estimates are unreliable, which vary significantly over time and across the economies."--Abstract.

A Spectral Perspective on Natural Interest Rates in Asia-Pacific

A Spectral Perspective on Natural Interest Rates in Asia-Pacific
Author: Feng Zhu
Publisher:
Total Pages: 87
Release: 2016
Genre:
ISBN:

I study the evolution of the equilibrium real interest rate, also known as the natural or neutral interest rate, in Asia-Pacific. Simple estimates based on a statistical approach suggest that, except for China, and Thailand since 2005, the natural interest rate may have declined substantially in Asia-Pacific economies since the early or mid-1990s, by over 4 percentage points on average. In many economies the rate has turned negative. The tendency has become more accentuated in the 2000s, especially following the onset of the Global Financial Crisis. The natural interest rate appears to vary significantly over time and across economies. Nevertheless, simple natural interest rate estimates are unreliable, and large uncertainties and sizeable heterogeneity in the estimates of the equilibrium real interest rate call for caution as well as monetary policy rules which are robust to such uncertainties. I use frequency-domain techniques to examine the relationship between the long-run component of real interest rate and those of population characteristics, globalisation, and a range of macroeconomic and financial variables (eg credit and asset prices). I estimate spectral and cospectral densities, coherency and the frequency-specific coefficients of correlation and regression proposed by Zhu (2005). The association seems to be broad and strong between the natural interest rate and the low-frequency trend components of demographic and global factors in AsiaPacific, but weak between the natural interest rate and trends in asset prices, creditto-GDP ratio and trend growth in many economies in the region. In most cases, the natural interest rate seems to be correlated with broad measures of long-term financial sector development, and trends in savings rate and investment ratio. Understanding the underlying factors driving changes in each economy's natural interest rate is important for the correct calibration and implementation of monetary policy.Full Publication: 'http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861007' Expanding the Boundaries of Monetary Policy in Asia and the Pacific.

Comments On 'A Spectral Perspective on Natural Interest Rates in Asia-Pacific

Comments On 'A Spectral Perspective on Natural Interest Rates in Asia-Pacific
Author: Solikin M. Juhro
Publisher:
Total Pages: 6
Release: 2016
Genre:
ISBN:

Feng Zhu (2015) has delivered sound research on the equilibrium real interest rate and its implication for monetary policy in Asia-Pacific countries. I fully concur that the use of the natural interest rate framework to implement monetary policy poses many risks, given the numerous uncertainties surrounding natural rates. However, we should not only consider the precision of estimation but we should also seek to understand how different factors in different situations influence the equilibrium real interest rate and why this is important for monetary policy formulation. Here, I see some room for enhancement that should be incorporated in the paper. My suggestion is that the paper could discuss a broader scope of the monetary policy domain, especially in the post-GFC era, such as the trade-off between internal-external balances, the role of the exchange rate as well as risk perception/behaviour that could potentially impact the equilibrium real interest rate lift-off, as in the case of Indonesia, Malaysia, and some other emerging countries. This would provide a more rigorous assessment of the strategic role of interest rate policy and thus the practical relevance of equilibrium real interest rates in monetary policy formulation.Given the practical usefulness of equilibrium real interest rates, I generally support the arguments proffered by Orphanides and Williams (2002) that recommend against relying excessively on these intrinsically noisy indicators when making monetary policy decisions, and Hamilton et al (2015) who inject more inertia into the monetary policy reaction function. To conclude the discussion on this issue and anchor the theme of the conference, namely “expanding the boundaries of monetary policy”, we should put a proper weight on interest rate policy along with other instruments under a credible central bank policy mix strategy. This implies that the equilibrium real interest rate estimation should not statistically stand alone, since the determination of equilibrium real interest rates should be consistent with the macroeconomic balance and the related policy mix response. Consequently, while there is no guarantee that structural estimates would fare better, I would prefer to address the issue using a structural approach.

The East Asian Crisis

The East Asian Crisis
Author: Ms.Kalpana Kochhar
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 56
Release: 1998-09-01
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1451935544

This paper reviews macroeconomic developments during the first year of the crisis in east Asia and draws some preliminary policy lessons. The crisis is rooted in the interaction of large capital inflows and weak private and public sector governance. At the same time, macroeconomic adjustment in these countries has resulted in some surprising outcomes, including severe economic contractions, low inflation, and rapid external adjustment. The lessons for crisis resolution include the importance of tight monetary policy early on for exchange rate stabilization, flexible fiscal policy, and comprehensive structural reform. Crises are avoided by prudent macroeconomic policies, diligent bank supervision, transparent data dissemination, strong governance, and forward-looking policymaking, even in good times.

Man Out

Man Out
Author: Andrew L. Yarrow
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
Total Pages: 340
Release: 2018-09-11
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0815732759

The story of men who are hurting—and hurting America by their absence Man Out describes the millions of men on the sidelines of life in the United States. Many of them have been pushed out of the mainstream because of an economy and society where the odds are stacked against them; others have chosen to be on the outskirts of twenty-first-century America. These men are disconnected from work, personal relationships, family and children, and civic and community life. They may be angry at government, employers, women, and "the system" in general—and millions of them have done time in prison and have cast aside many social norms. Sadly, too many of these men are unsure what it means to be a man in contemporary society. Wives or partners reject them; children are estranged from them; and family, friends, and neighbors are embarrassed by them. Many have disappeared into a netherworld of drugs, alcohol, poor health, loneliness, misogyny, economic insecurity, online gaming, pornography, other off-the-grid corners of the internet, and a fantasy world of starting their own business or even writing the Great American novel. Most of the men described in this book are poorly educated, with low incomes and often with very few prospects for rewarding employment. They are also disproportionately found among millennials, those over 50, and African American men. Increasingly, however, these lost men are discovered even in tony suburbs and throughout the nation. It is a myth that men on the outer corners of society are only lower-middle-class white men dislocated by technology and globalization. Unlike those who primarily blame an unjust economy, government policies, or a culture sanctioning "laziness," Man Out explores the complex interplay between economics and culture. It rejects the politically charged dichotomy of seeing such men as either victims or culprits. These men are hurting, and in turn they are hurting families and hurting America. It is essential to address their problems. Man Out draws on a wide range of data and existing research as well as interviews with several hundred men, women, and a wide variety of economists and other social scientists, social service providers and physicians, and with employers, through a national online survey and in-depth fieldwork in several communities.

Monetary and Currency Policy Management in Asia

Monetary and Currency Policy Management in Asia
Author: Masahiro Kawai
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Total Pages: 321
Release: 2012-01-01
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0857933353

Asian economies strengthened their monetary and currency management after the Asian financial crisis of 19971998, and came through the global financial crisis of 20072009 relatively well. Nevertheless, the recent global crisis has presented new challenges. This book develops recommendations for monetary and currency policy in Asian economies aimed at promoting macroeconomic and financial stability in an environment of global economic shocks and volatile capital flows. Monetary and Currency Policy Management in Asia draws lessons from crises and makes concrete macroeconomic policy recommendations aimed at minimizing the impacts of an economic and financial downturn, and setting the stage for an early return to sustainable growth. The focus is on short-term measures related to the cycle. The three main areas addressed are: monetary policy measures, both conventional and unconventional, to achieve both macroeconomic and financial stability; exchange rate policy and foreign exchange reserve management, including the potential for regional cooperation to stabilize currency movements; and ways to ease the constraints on policy resulting from the so-called 'impossible trinity' of fixed exchange rates, open capital accounts and independent monetary policy. This is one of the first books since the global financial crisis to specifically and comprehensively address the implications of the crisis for monetary and currency policy in emerging market economies, especially in Asia. Presenting a broad menu of policy options for financial reform and regulation, the book will be of great interest to finance experts and policymakers in the region as well as academics and researchers of financial and Asian economics as well as economic development.

Enabling Deep Negative Rates to Fight Recessions: A Guide

Enabling Deep Negative Rates to Fight Recessions: A Guide
Author: Ruchir Agarwal
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 89
Release: 2019-04-29
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1484398777

The experience of the Great Recession and its aftermath revealed that a lower bound on interest rates can be a serious obstacle for fighting recessions. However, the zero lower bound is not a law of nature; it is a policy choice. The central message of this paper is that with readily available tools a central bank can enable deep negative rates whenever needed—thus maintaining the power of monetary policy in the future to end recessions within a short time. This paper demonstrates that a subset of these tools can have a big effect in enabling deep negative rates with administratively small actions on the part of the central bank. To that end, we (i) survey approaches to enable deep negative rates discussed in the literature and present new approaches; (ii) establish how a subset of these approaches allows enabling negative rates while remaining at a minimum distance from the current paper currency policy and minimizing the political costs; (iii) discuss why standard transmission mechanisms from interest rates to aggregate demand are likely to remain unchanged in deep negative rate territory; and (iv) present communication tools that central banks can use both now and in the event to facilitate broader political acceptance of negative interest rate policy at the onset of the next serious recession.

Global Waves of Debt

Global Waves of Debt
Author: M. Ayhan Kose
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Total Pages: 403
Release: 2021-03-03
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1464815453

The global economy has experienced four waves of rapid debt accumulation over the past 50 years. The first three debt waves ended with financial crises in many emerging market and developing economies. During the current wave, which started in 2010, the increase in debt in these economies has already been larger, faster, and broader-based than in the previous three waves. Current low interest rates mitigate some of the risks associated with high debt. However, emerging market and developing economies are also confronted by weak growth prospects, mounting vulnerabilities, and elevated global risks. A menu of policy options is available to reduce the likelihood that the current debt wave will end in crisis and, if crises do take place, will alleviate their impact.

Principles of Macroeconomics Asia-Pacific Edition with Online Study Tool S 12 Months

Principles of Macroeconomics Asia-Pacific Edition with Online Study Tool S 12 Months
Author: Robin Ellen Stonecash
Publisher: Cengage AU
Total Pages: 548
Release: 2017-09-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0170382648

The brief and student-friendly approach of this book boils economics down to its essentials, by considering what is truly important for students to learn in their first course in economics. In keeping with the authors' philosophy of showing students the power of economic tools and the importance of economic ideas, this edition pays careful attention to regional and global policies and economic issues ' including the impacts of the ongoing global financial crisis, inflation, unemployment, interest rates, and monetary and fiscal policy. Continuing global financial uncertainty and the current state of the Australian economy provide a constant supply of new material, re-evaluated models, and policy changes and updates for the Principles of Macroeconomics text. The book emphasises the material that students should and do find interesting about the study of the economy, resulting in a focus on applications and policy, and less on formal economic theory. Principles of Macroeconomics, 7e encourages students to make their own judgements by presenting both sides of the debate on five controversial issues facing policymakers: the proper degree of policy activism in response to the business cycle, the choice between rules and discretion in the conduct of monetary policy, the desirability of reaching zero inflation, the importance of balancing the government's budget, and the need for tax reform to encourage saving.