Understanding Single Crystal X Ray Crystallography
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| Author | : Dennis W. Bennett |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 826 |
| Release | : 2010-03-08 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3527326774 |
The first textbook for teaching this method to users with little mathematical background logically presents the theory and fundamentals in an easily comprehensible, self-contained way. The result is a must-have for advanced undergraduate students, as well as masters and graduate students and other users of single-crystal X-ray crystallography from many various disciplines.
| Author | : Yoshio Waseda |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 320 |
| Release | : 2011-03-18 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 3642166350 |
X-ray diffraction crystallography for powder samples is a well-established and widely used method. It is applied to materials characterization to reveal the atomic scale structure of various substances in a variety of states. The book deals with fundamental properties of X-rays, geometry analysis of crystals, X-ray scattering and diffraction in polycrystalline samples and its application to the determination of the crystal structure. The reciprocal lattice and integrated diffraction intensity from crystals and symmetry analysis of crystals are explained. To learn the method of X-ray diffraction crystallography well and to be able to cope with the given subject, a certain number of exercises is presented in the book to calculate specific values for typical examples. This is particularly important for beginners in X-ray diffraction crystallography. One aim of this book is to offer guidance to solving the problems of 90 typical substances. For further convenience, 100 supplementary exercises are also provided with solutions. Some essential points with basic equations are summarized in each chapter, together with some relevant physical constants and the atomic scattering factors of the elements.
| Author | : Peter Luger |
| Publisher | : Walter de Gruyter |
| Total Pages | : 370 |
| Release | : 2014-04-01 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3110370611 |
An excellent book for professional crystallographers! In 2012 the crystallographic community celebrated 100 years of X-ray diffraction in honour of the pioneering experiment in 1912 by Max von Laue, Friedrich and Knipping. Experimental developments e.g. brilliant X-ray sources, area detection, and developments in computer hardware and software have led to increasing applications in X-ray analysis. This completely revised edition is a guide for practical work in X-ray analysis. An introduction to basic crystallography moves quickly to a practical and experimental treatment of structure analysis. Emphasis is placed on understanding results and avoiding pitfalls. Essential reading for researchers from the student to the professional level interested in understanding the structure of molecules.
| Author | : Myeongkyu Lee |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 302 |
| Release | : 2017-03-16 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1315361973 |
X-ray diffraction is a useful and powerful analysis technique for characterizing crystalline materials commonly employed in MSE, physics, and chemistry. This informative new book describes the principles of X-ray diffraction and its applications to materials characterization. It consists of three parts. The first deals with elementary crystallography and optics, which is essential for understanding the theory of X-ray diffraction discussed in the second section of the book. Part 2 describes how the X-ray diffraction can be applied for characterizing such various forms of materials as thin films, single crystals, and powders. The third section of the book covers applications of X-ray diffraction. The book presents a number of examples to help readers better comprehend the subject. X-Ray Diffraction for Materials Research: From Fundamentals to Applications also • provides background knowledge of diffraction to enable nonspecialists to become familiar with the topics • covers the practical applications as well as the underlying principle of X-ray diffraction • presents appropriate examples with answers to help readers understand the contents more easily • includes thin film characterization by X-ray diffraction with relevant experimental techniques • presents a huge number of elaborately drawn graphics to help illustrate the content The book will help readers (students and researchers in materials science, physics, and chemistry) understand crystallography and crystal structures, interference and diffraction, structural analysis of bulk materials, characterization of thin films, and nondestructive measurement of internal stress and phase transition. Diffraction is an optical phenomenon and thus can be better understood when it is explained with an optical approach, which has been neglected in other books. This book helps to fill that gap, providing information to convey the concept of X-ray diffraction and how it can be applied to the materials analysis. This book will be a valuable reference book for researchers in the field and will work well as a good introductory book of X-ray diffraction for students in materials science, physics, and chemistry.
| Author | : M. F. C. Ladd |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 404 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1461579333 |
Crystallography may be described as the science of the structure of materi als, using this word in its widest sense, and its ramifications are apparent over a broad front of current scientific endeavor. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that most universities offer some aspects of crystallography in their undergraduate courses in the physical sciences. It is the principal aim of this book to present an introduction to structure determination by X-ray crystal lography that is appropriate mainly to both final-year undergraduate studies in crystallography, chemistry, and chemical physics, and introductory post graduate work in this area of crystallography. We believe that the book will be of interest in other disciplines, such as physics, metallurgy, biochemistry, and geology, where crystallography has an important part to play. In the space of one book, it is not possible either to cover all aspects of crystallography or to treat all the subject matter completely rigorously. In particular, certain mathematical results are assumed in order that their applications may be discussed. At the end of each chapter, a short bibliog raphy is given, which may be used to extend the scope of the treatment given here. In addition, reference is made in the text to specific sources of information. We have chosen not to discuss experimental methods extensively, as we consider that this aspect of crystallography is best learned through practical experience, but an attempt has been made to simulate the interpretive side of experimental crystallography in both examples and exercises.
| Author | : Michael M. Woolfson |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 422 |
| Release | : 1997-01-13 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780521423595 |
A textbook for the student beginning a serious study of X-ray crystallography.
| Author | : Mark Ladd |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 784 |
| Release | : 2014-07-08 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 146143954X |
The advances in and applications of x-ray and neutron crystallography form the essence of this new edition of this classic textbook, while maintaining the overall plan of the book that has been well received in the academic community since the first edition in 1977. X-ray crystallography is a universal tool for studying molecular structure, and the complementary nature of neutron diffraction crystallography permits the location of atomic species in crystals which are not easily revealed by X-ray techniques alone, such as hydrogen atoms or other light atoms in the presence of heavier atoms. Thus, a chapter discussing the practice of neutron diffraction techniques, with examples, broadens the scope of the text in a highly desirable way. As with previous editions, the book contains problems to illustrate the work of each chapter, and detailed solutions are provided. Mathematical procedures related to the material of the main body of the book are not discussed in detail, but are quoted where needed with references to standard mathematical texts. To address the computational aspect of crystallography, the suite of computer programs from the fourth edition has been revised and expanded. The programs enable the reader to participate fully in many of the aspects of x-ray crystallography discussed in the book. In particular, the program system XRAY* is interactive, and enables the reader to follow through, at the monitor screen, the computational techniques involved in single-crystal structure determination, albeit in two dimensions, with the data sets provided. Exercises for students can be found in the book, and solutions are available to instructors.
| Author | : Andrew Bond |
| Publisher | : Royal Society of Chemistry |
| Total Pages | : 304 |
| Release | : 2019-07-24 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1788018516 |
The pharmaceutical industry has become acutely aware of the importance of the solid state, but pharmaceutical scientists often lack specific training in topics related to solid-state structure and crystallography. This book provides needed support in this topical area. Taking an intuitive and informal approach to solid-state structure and crystallographic concepts, this book is written for anyone who needs a clear understanding of modern crystallography, with specific reference to small-molecule pharmaceutical solids. The author describes molecular crystals and crystal structures, symmetry, space groups, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction techniques and the analysis and interpretation of crystallographic data. Useful technical details are presented where necessary and case studies from the pharmaceutical literature put theory into a practical context. Written by an internationally leading figure and with its focus on molecular crystals, this book is equally applicable to chemists with a need to understand and apply X-ray crystal-structure determination.
| Author | : Peter Muller |
| Publisher | : OUP Oxford |
| Total Pages | : 232 |
| Release | : 2006-07-13 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 019152476X |
Crystal Structure Refinement is a mixture of textbook and tutorial. As A Crystallographers Guide to SHELXL it covers advanced aspects of practical crystal structure refinement, which have not been much addressed by textbooks so far. After an introduction to SHELXL in the first chapter, a brief survey of crystal structure refinement is provided. Chapters three and higher address the various aspects of structure refinement, from the treatment of hydrogen atoms to the assignment of atom types, to disorder, to non-crystallographic symmetry and twinning. One chapter is dedicated to the refinement of macromolecular structures and two short chapters deal with structure validation (one for small molecule structures and one for macromolecules). In each of the chapters the book gives refinement examples, based on the program SHELXL, describing every problem in detail. It comes with a CD-ROM with all files necessary to reproduce the refinements.
| Author | : George H. Stout |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 484 |
| Release | : 1989-05-08 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0471607118 |
Closely follows an actual structural determination. After some introductory material on the nature of x-rays, the diffraction process, and the internal geometry of crystals, the selection and preparation of a crystal are considered. Techniques of measuring raw x-ray data are covered, plus their reduction into a useable form. The second part discusses both traditional and novel methods of solving the ``phase'' problem, the principal difficulty in x-ray structure determination. The third part considers how to extract the most information from the data and how to evaluate its reliability. Finally, there is a discussion of sources of error in practice and interpretation.
