Tumor Promoting Inflammation In Non Small Cell Lung Cancer
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Author | : RUI LI |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 183 |
Release | : 2016 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in the U.S.. The overall 5-year survival of lung cancer patients is less than 20%. The majority of patients are diagnosed with advanced stage disease. While progress has been made with targeted therapies, 5-year survival has so far improved in an incremental manner. Lung cancer is characterized by a prominent inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which in turn represents an important prognostic factor in patients. Unresolved inflammatory conditions promoted by smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial lung diseases increase the risk of developing lung cancer. Therefore, tumor-promoting inflammation may play a significant role in cancer initiation and progression. The first part of this dissertation focuses on the effect of the tumor suppressor LKB1 on promoting an inflammatory microenvironment in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Loss of function of LKB1/STK11 is evident in approximately 30% of primary NSCLC. In murine lung cancer models, Kras and Lkb1 double mutation generates highly metastatic lung tumors with different histological types. Although a variety of different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the tumor-promoting effects underlying LKB1 deficiency, no effective therapy has been applied clinically; loss of function mutations presents a therapeutic challenge. Most recently, studies have indicated that LKB1 loss favors an immune-suppressive microenvironment characterized by prominent inflammation, suggesting a new perspective for therapies. Utilizing normal human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) which were immortalized in the absence of viral onco-proteins, we find that knockdown of LKB1 elevates the production of multiple inflammatory proteins, among which CXCR2 ligands are the most abundantly secreted. Our data indicate that knockdown of LKB1 in HBECs leads to transcriptional and translational upregulation of CXCR2 ligands and conversely, forced expression of wild-type LKB1 in LKB1-null NSCLC tumor cells decreases CXCR2 ligand production. Non-supervised clustering analysis further reveals KRAS and LKB1 double mutation in human NSCLC cell lines predicts higher levels of CXCR2 ligands. In addition, gene expression analysis shows that CXCR2 ligands are also significantly elevated in murine KrasG12D; Lkb1-/- lung tumors compared to KrasG12D and KrasG12D; Tp53-/- tumors. Dissection of the underlying mechanisms reveals that the NF- B and WNT pathways regulate CXCR2 ligands downstream of LKB1. Surprisingly, regulation of the NF- B pathway by LKB1 is independent of AMPK, but requires the MARK family proteins. Knockdown of MARKs or inhibition of MARK function by a small chemical inhibitor in HBECs recapitulates LKB1 loss-induced NF- B activation and subsequent CXCR2 ligand upregulation. CXCR2 ligands have been reported to play an important role in tumor initiation and progression via recruitment of immune cells and endothelial cells in a variety of cancer types including NSCLC. Therefore, our findings suggest that elevation of CXCR2 ligands by LKB1 deficiency facilitates tumor development by creating a tumor-favored microenvironment. Investigating the contribution of CXCR2 ligands to LKB1-dependent malignancy may aid in the development of novel prevention as well as therapeutic strategies against LKB1-null NSCLC. The second part of this dissertation examines the impact of dysregulated inflammation on cancer progression. The plasticity of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program has been considered to be an essential element regulating cancer metastasis. Cancer cells undergoing EMT need to maintain the mesenchymal phenotype during metastasis but revert back to epithelial phenotypes for successful outgrowth of clones at metastatic sites. However, the determinants of EMT plasticity are not yet clear and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. Recently, we have found that a subset of NSCLC cells undergo EMT in the presence of cytokines including IL-1 , TNF- and TGF- (within 7 days), and this occurs concomitantly with increased cell migration and invasion. In addition, chronic exposure to these inflammatory cytokines leads to EMT memory, which refers to the phenomenon in which cells are able to maintain EMT despite withdrawal of the original stimulus. Intriguingly, in contrast to the acute EMT process, EMT memory uniquely depends on chronic cytokine exposure, and not on the signaling pathways (JNK/ERK) and transcription factors (fra-1/slug) mediating the acute EMT. Further studies demonstrate that E-cadherin is repressed via a dynamic alteration of histone modifications and subsequent DNA methylation during chronic IL-1 exposure. Furthermore, a pathway analysis of the RNA profile of these cells indicates that a large portion of the altered genes can be methylated. Phenotypically, EMT memory allows cancer cells to maintain highly migratory and invasive features during metastasis. These findings, for the first time, demonstrate that EMT memory is uniquely induced by chronic inflammation and identifies epigenetic modifications as its underlying mechanism. Better understanding of EMT will ultimately assist in the identification of targets for preventing and treating metastatic behaviors in lung cancer.
Author | : Bharat B. Aggarwal |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 489 |
Release | : 2014-05-12 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 3034808372 |
This volume examines in detail the role of chronic inflammatory processes in the development of several types of cancer. Leading experts describe the latest results of molecular and cellular research on infection, cancer-related inflammation and tumorigenesis. Further, the clinical significance of these findings in preventing cancer progression and approaches to treating the diseases are discussed. Individual chapters cover cancer of the lung, colon, breast, brain, head and neck, pancreas, prostate, bladder, kidney, liver, cervix and skin as well as gastric cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma.
Author | : Steven M. Dubinett |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2016-10-09 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 9781493945115 |
In recent years there have been various discoveries connecting inflammation and lung cancer and clearly there is growing interest in this area of cancer research. The link between unresolved inflammation and cancer has been well established with estimates that 15% of cancer deaths are inflammation‐related. Evidence for this link includes the following: a) some inflammatory diseases are associated with increased risk of cancer development; b) inflammatory mediators are present surrounding and within most tumors; c) overexpression of inflammatory cytokines increases cancer development and progression in murine studies; d) inhibition of inflammatory mediators decreases cancer development and progression; and e) the use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been found to decrease cancer incidence and delay progression. The volume will present aspects of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME), its many roles in tumor progression and metastasis, including creation of a hypoxic environment, increased angiogenesis and invasion, changes in expression of micro‐RNAs (miRNAs) and an increase in a stem cell phenotype. The book will also cover the mechanisms of inflammatory mediators. Chronic overexpression of inflammatory mediators in the TME, as seen in smokers and patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), can also lead to increased tumor initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis. The volume will provide a comprehensive perspective of the latest findings and summaries of progress made regarding inflammation and its connection to lung cancer.
Author | : Steven M. Dubinett |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 215 |
Release | : 2015-06-24 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 1493927248 |
In recent years there have been various discoveries connecting inflammation and lung cancer and clearly there is growing interest in this area of cancer research. The link between unresolved inflammation and cancer has been well established with estimates that 15% of cancer deaths are inflammation‐related. Evidence for this link includes the following: a) some inflammatory diseases are associated with increased risk of cancer development; b) inflammatory mediators are present surrounding and within most tumors; c) overexpression of inflammatory cytokines increases cancer development and progression in murine studies; d) inhibition of inflammatory mediators decreases cancer development and progression; and e) the use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been found to decrease cancer incidence and delay progression. The volume will present aspects of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME), its many roles in tumor progression and metastasis, including creation of a hypoxic environment, increased angiogenesis and invasion, changes in expression of micro‐RNAs (miRNAs) and an increase in a stem cell phenotype. The book will also cover the mechanisms of inflammatory mediators. Chronic overexpression of inflammatory mediators in the TME, as seen in smokers and patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), can also lead to increased tumor initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis. The volume will provide a comprehensive perspective of the latest findings and summaries of progress made regarding inflammation and its connection to lung cancer.
Author | : Sam Thiagalingam |
Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
Total Pages | : 597 |
Release | : 2015-04-09 |
Genre | : Mathematics |
ISBN | : 0521493390 |
An overview of the current systems biology-based knowledge and the experimental approaches for deciphering the biological basis of cancer.
Author | : Anne Le |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 186 |
Release | : 2018-06-26 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 331977736X |
Genetic alterations in cancer, in addition to being the fundamental drivers of tumorigenesis, can give rise to a variety of metabolic adaptations that allow cancer cells to survive and proliferate in diverse tumor microenvironments. This metabolic flexibility is different from normal cellular metabolic processes and leads to heterogeneity in cancer metabolism within the same cancer type or even within the same tumor. In this book, we delve into the complexity and diversity of cancer metabolism, and highlight how understanding the heterogeneity of cancer metabolism is fundamental to the development of effective metabolism-based therapeutic strategies. Deciphering how cancer cells utilize various nutrient resources will enable clinicians and researchers to pair specific chemotherapeutic agents with patients who are most likely to respond with positive outcomes, allowing for more cost-effective and personalized cancer therapeutic strategies.
Author | : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 728 |
Release | : 2010 |
Genre | : Government publications |
ISBN | : |
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Author | : Angus G. Dalgleish |
Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
Total Pages | : 260 |
Release | : 2006-03-05 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 0387262830 |
A link between inflammation and cancer has been established many years ago, yet it is only recently that the potential significance of this connection has become apparent. Although several examples of chronic inflammatory conditions, often induced by persistent irritation and/or infection, developing into cancer have been known for some time, there has been a notable resistance to contemplate the possibility that this association may apply in a causative way to other cancers. Examples for such progression from chronic inflammation to cancer are colon carcinoma developing with increased frequency in patients with ulcerative colitis, and the increased incidence of bladder cancer in patients suffering from chronic Schistosoma infection. Inflammation and cancer have been recognized to be linked in another context for many years, i.e., with regards to pathologies resembling chronic lacerations or 'wounds that do not heal.' More recently, the immunology of wound healing has given us clues as to the mechanistic link between inflammation and cancer, in as much as wounds and chronic inflammation turn off local cell-mediated immune responses and switch on growth factor release as well the growth of new blood vessels - angiogenesis. Both of these are features of most types of tumours, which suggest that tumours may require an immunologically shielded milieu and a growth factor-rich environment.
Author | : Andrea Koch |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 2011 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Anne C. Chiang |
Publisher | : Springer Nature |
Total Pages | : 263 |
Release | : 2021-09-30 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 3030740285 |
Lung cancer has seen a paradigm shift in disease treatment over the past few years, with major changes in the therapeutic drugs now available as well as in the overall management approach. For targeted and immunotherapeutic approaches, understanding the biology of acquired resistance is a key strategy that has yielded productive advances in the subsequent treatment. Future advances also include incorporating biomarker data obtained from solid and liquid biopsies, as well as combination of immunotherapy with radiotherapy and in special populations such patients with CNS involvement.