The Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences is a collection of papers that cover a wide range of scientific disciplines. From biology to physics, from astronomy to geology, this volume offers a fascinating glimpse into the latest research being conducted in the world's leading scientific institutions. This is a must-read for anyone who is interested in science and wants to stay up-to-date with the latest discoveries and breakthroughs. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.