Traffic Adaptive Schedule Based Mac Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks
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| Author | : Maryam Vahabi |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 204 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Wireless sensor networking is an emerging technology that has a wide range of potential applications including monitoring, medical systems, real-time, robotic exploration and etc. Energy is a critical resource in battery-powered sensor networks. Medium access control has an important role in minimizing energy consumption while it is responsible for successful data transferring in the network. Periodic data collection is the most comprehensive way of data gathering mechanism in wireless sensor network in which nodes report their samples in specific time intervals. It is possible to have some nodes with different update intervals in the network and therefore, finding a solution to accommodate nodes with different sampling intervals while maintaining the energy efficiency is the primary concern of this thesis. In this work, we propose a schedule-based MAC protocol that supports periodic traffic with different sampling rates in an energy efficient manner while maintaining minimum packet loss and end-to-end delay. The schedule-based MAC design is used for eliminating the idle listening problem which leads to smaller energy consumption. We introduce a traffic adaptive technique that arranges the time schedule of each node with respect to its sampling rate. Route partitioning technique is the next step of our design to provide a collision free data transfer. By this mechanism, each route will be activated in a specific time regarding to the sampling interval of nodes that it involves. Using the enhanced time scheduling and route partitioning techniques with respect to nodes' sampling rate provides the basic design of our traffic adaptive algorithm. In order to represent traffic adaptive capability of the proposed protocol, some nodes are considered to generate data packets with higher data generation rates than other sensor motes in the network. The most relevant existing MAC protocol which support only one generation rate is then compared with our modified version. We then analyzed the estimated energy consumption and defined the maximum number of high sampling rate nodes that can be supported by the proposed protocol. The simulation results show that our adaptive protocol provides a minimum packet delay and the least packet loss rate compared to existing MAC protocol. The energy dissipation of the proposed protocol is much less than the existing MAC protocol when its duty cycle has been adjusted with respect to high traffic node's sampling rate. The proposed traffic adaptive MAC design can achieve around 35% improvement on energy efficiency while maintaining minimum end-to-end delay and packet loss rate.
| Author | : Nesae Mouzehkesh Pirborj |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 194 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The ongoing advances in wireless networks have further expanded the boundaries to the new and challenging area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)> Unique properties of sensor nodes such as limited energy storage, constrained processing capabilities and the especially different environments they are usually deployed in have prompted the need of novel protocols in all the layers of the communication stack. A Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is responsible to sufficiently provide access to a shared medium. Therefore effective techniques in order to reduce the probability of collisions while contending for the medium can be established in a MAC protocol for it organizes the specific time slot a node can have access to the channel. The need for further improving the current applied MAC protocols for WSN in order to reduce the probability of collisions while being energy aware has motivated this research. Sensor MAC as the very first MAC protocol for WSN has been designed on top of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol along with some added features to meet the special requirements of a WSN. However the Back-Off scheme of Sensor MAC (S-MAC) is based on a fixed Contention Window (CW) size. This is known as a significant trouble spot in S-MAC in the sense that the delay produced during collisions and idle listening can be so critical to the limited battery lifetime of a sensor node. IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol follows a static approach for obtaining the back-off time and resets the CW to its default minimum upon just one successful transmission and doubles it each time it faces a collision. While the back-off algorithm of IEEE 802.11 suffers from unfairness for its faulty behaviour in both high and low traffic loads the back-off mechanism in S-MAC suffers from a fixed CW size. Reducing the undesired idle listening time caused by unnecessary long back-off times when traffic is low and also decreasing the probability of collisions in situations with high traffic load due to the fixed CW size in S-MAC have motivated our research. We have tried to come up with a dynamic back-off algorithm for S-MAC that can extract the current traffic information of the network and engage them in estimating the contention window from which the back-off time is chosen. Our approach is a proactive algorithm to get the CW of the neighbouring nodes ready before contending for the medium. The performance of our algorithm has been measured in terms of average delay, average throughput, delivery ratio, and average energy efficiency. It is shown that our back-off scheme has reduced the delay by 47% and has decreased the energy consumption up to above 15% over the current S-MAC implementation. The delivery ratio and throughput have been improved up to 44% and 28% respectively.
| Author | : Srinivas Aluru |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 687 |
| Release | : 2008-01-22 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 3540772200 |
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th International Conference on High-Performance Computing, HiPC 2007, held in Goa, India, in December 2007. The 53 revised full papers presented together with the abstracts of five keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 253 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on a broad range of applications including I/O and FPGAs, and microarchitecture and multiprocessor architecture.
| Author | : Feng Xia |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 98 |
| Release | : 2015-06-04 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 366246361X |
This book provides a literature review of various wireless MAC protocols and techniques for achieving real-time and reliable communications in the context of cyber-physical systems (CPS). The evaluation analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 for CPS therein will give insights into configuration and optimization of critical design parameters of MAC protocols. In addition, this book also presents the design and evaluation of an adaptive MAC protocol for medical CPS, which exemplifies how to facilitate real-time and reliable communications in CPS by exploiting IEEE 802.15.4 based MAC protocols. This book will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, and students to better understand the QoS requirements of CPS, especially for healthcare applications.
| Author | : Alvaro Enrique Monsalve Ballester |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This thesis presents PRIMAC, which is a medium access control protocol that provides quality of service for data-intensive wireless sensor networks through service differentiation. Data-intensive wireless sensor networks comprise nodes that generate high volumes of data during an event, for instance, images, audio, video or seismic monitoring. Data-intensive applications introduce new research challenges due to the high volume of data to be transmitted over unreliable channels, and the bursty nature of their transmission profiles. PRIMAC is based on a channel contention CSMA mechanism with non-uniform contention window. It achieves higher access priority for selected data-intensive nodes without deteriorating the network channel utilization. Experimental results demonstrate that PRIMAC provides better network performance than the widely adopted IEEE 802.15.4 standard, in terms of normalised channel throughput and packet delivery ratio.We also introduce wireless sensor network designs that could achieve optimal throughput for nodes with homogeneous data-intensive traffic conditions. The sensor nodes operate using the contention access method of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol with optimised setting of the standard protocol parameters. An analytical model of the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) algorithm is proposed and equations are derived to obtain the appropriate CSMA-CA parameters. We present PRIMAC-Uniform for homogeneous data-intensive WSNs, which is an enhanced carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance scheme of IEEE 802.15.4 with uniform contention window for that guarantees near optimal normalised channel throughput. We evaluate the performance of our protocol and compare it with the standard CSMA-CA algorithm of IEEE 802.15.4 by using an experimental testbed in an indoor environment. We find that PRIMAC-Uniform doubles the packet delivery ratio for any network size whilst keeping high levels of throughput. In summary, this thesis focuses on the design of medium access protocols and optimal network architecture for a newer generation of wireless sensor networks that have high data transmission requirements. The results demonstrate that data intensive WSNs could be realised through the implementation of optimal strategies in the nodes in order to successfully contend for a shared medium.
| Author | : David Munoz |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 297 |
| Release | : 2009-05-15 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0080921930 |
This book is the definitive guide to the techniques and applications of position location, covering both terrestrial and satellite systems. It gives all the techniques, theoretical models, and algorithms that engineers need to improve their current location schemes and to develop future location algorithms and systems. Comprehensive coverage is given to system design trade-offs, complexity issues, and the design of efficient positioning algorithms to enable the creation of high-performance location positioning systems. Traditional methods are also reexamined in the context of the challenges posed by reconfigurable and multihop networks. Applications discussed include wireless networks (WiFi, ZigBee, UMTS, and DVB networks), cognitive radio, sensor networks and multihop networks. Features Contains a complete guide to models, techniques, and applications of position location Includes applications to wireless networks, demonstrating the relevance of location positioning to these "hot" areas in research and development Covers system design trade-offs and the design of efficient positioning algorithms, enabling the creation of future location positioning systems Provides a theoretical underpinning for understanding current position location algorithms, giving researchers a foundation to develop future algorithms David Muñoz is Director and César Vargas is a member of the Center for Electronics and Telecommunications, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico. Frantz Bouchereau is a senior communications software developer at The MathWorks Inc. in Natick, MA. Rogerio Enríquez-Caldera is at Instituto Nacional de Atrofisica, Optica y Electronica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico. Contains a complete guide to models, techniques and applications of position location Includes applications to wireless networks (WiFi, ZigBee, DVB networks), cognitive radio, sensor networks and reconfigurable and multi-hop networks, demonstrating the relevance of location positioning to these ‘hot’ areas in research and development Covers system design trade-offs, and the design of efficient positioning algorithms enables the creation of future location positioning systems Provides a theoretical underpinning for understanding current position location algorithms, giving researchers a foundation to develop future algorithms
| Author | : Dr. M. Nanda Kumar |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Energy efficient protocol design is the aim of current researches in the area of sensor networks where limited power resources impose energy conservation considerations. In this paper we concern for Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols the recent technology that is used in the Wireless sensor networks are appealing to researchers to achieve an efficient medium access protocol subject to power constraints. We outline the design of MAC layer protocols that employ adaptive duty cycle as means of further optimizing the energy conservation. In most case each nodes determines the duty cycle as a function of its own traffic load. The IEEE 802.15.4 is a new wireless personal area network designed for wireless monitoring and control applications. Of course the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol performs poorly for one-hop data collection in sense sensor network. Here we developed a new MAC protocol, EX-MAC that amalgamate the E-MAC and the X-MAC. EX-MAC protocol design methodology and results projected at self-learning, traffic adaptive algorithm for varying traffic conditions inherent to the WSNs. The design incorporates reliable and scalable energy-aware sensing network, in spite of node failures, minimizing energy consumption at the same time. Our present and future work is based on adaptive EX-MAC protocol that is designed for wireless sensor networks. Here we first highlighted the main draw back of the E-MAC and X-MAC and then a proposed solution that enables low duty cycle operation, dynamic sleep schedules to reduce the control overhead, traffic adaptive wakeup and low latency. To overcome this control overhead and latency, we suggested the contention based on CSMA/CA mechanism. This protocol is simulated in NS-2 and performs evaluated.
| Author | : Venkatesh Rajendran |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 264 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Ibrahiem M. M. El Emary |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 776 |
| Release | : 2013-08-28 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 1466518111 |
Supplying comprehensive coverage of WSNs, this book covers the latest advances in WSN technologies. It considers some of theoretical problems in WSN, including issues with monitoring, routing, and power control, and details methodologies that can provide solutions to these problems. It examines applications of WSN across a range of fields, including health, defense military, transportation, and mining. Addressing the main challenges in applying WSNs across all phases of our life, it explains how WSNs can assist in community development.
| Author | : Xiaoli Zhou |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Wireless networks enter a new era in which various objects, such as mobile phones, computers, vehicles, watches, are automatically and intelligently connected to provide ubiquitous services. Green communication protocols are required to save energy consumption and improve transmission performance. MAC protocols can detect the signal status and energy consumptions of physical channels to adapt to the dynamic wireless conditions. They can also provide node-to-node transmissions for network layer protocols under green wireless networks. The thesis presents three energy efficient communication solutions under different delay-tolerant networks scenarios to study the efficiency of MAC transmission protocols within wireless networks: CPMAC, AFLAS and TREE. CPMAC applies three energy-aware algorithms to transmit different quality requirements of data within one contact interval in sparsely connected sensor networks. Simulations and analysis shows CPMAC outperforms two other important MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad-hoc networks in throughput, delay, energy consumption. AFLAS uses an adaptive frame length aggregation scheme for Vehicular Networks that is designed to improve transmission efficiency and increase data throughput. Suitable aggregation frame lengths are calculated according to the current wireless status, and applied in the MAC layer at the onset of data transmissions to save overhead and energy consumption. The simulations of AFLAS exhibit a significant improvement results in data throughput, retransmissions, overheads and transmission efficiency in comparison to non-adaptive aggregation schemes. TRaffic adaptive Energy Efficient MAC protocol (TREE) adapts its work modes: reservation and contention mode, to traffic density and adjusts its duty cycle to achieve energy efficiency. TREE demonstrates better performance in terms of energy efficiency and traffic adaptability than the schedule-based MAC protocol TDMA, the contention-based protocol CSMA and the traffic adaptive protocol TRAMA under mobile sensor network environments. By studying and designing MAC protocols in wireless environments, the thesis shows the comprehensive knowledge and principles of communication protocol designs with latency relaxed. Future work is discussed for further designs and implementations of green communication protocols.
