Three Essays On Executive Stock Options
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Social Context of the Exercising and Dating of Stock-Options
| Author | : Fiona Kun Yao |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 79 |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The dissertation investigates stock options-related arrangements by individual executives and firms from a sociological point of view. The first study in this dissertation explores the antecedents of stock option exercises by executives in Chinese state-owned firms, behaviors considered deviant from the institutional norms of the Chinese state bureaucracy. This study seeks to answer the following question: When individual beliefs and actions are deeply embedded in their institutional context, as in the case of Chinese executives in overseas-listed firms, who is likely to break with the institutional status quo, and what are their reasons for doing so? Contrary to the existing status-based theory of social deviance, institutional disengagement among Chinese executives often takes place in the middle of an institutional status hierarchy. Characteristics of the institutional environment and the individual biography further interact with individual positions to affect the likelihood that an executive will diverge from the institutional expectation of not exercising stock options. The second study investigates the individual consequences of stock option exercises in Chinese state-owned firms. This study seeks to answer the following questions: When institutional entrepreneurs diverge from the institutional status quo, who is most likely to be punished? Who can bypass the sanction, and for what reasons? The findings suggest that executives were more likely to be punished for divergent behaviors if (a) the executive had low levels of bottom-up power, (b) the prevalence of divergent behaviors among peers was moderate without having reached a threshold that sufficiently legitimized the practice, and (c) the broader audience was concentrated. This study promises to shed new light on the outcomes of institutional entrepreneurship by addressing why some institutional entrepreneurs fail. The third study, explores the spread of stock backdating, an unethical corporate practice about which public information was virtually unavailable until 2005. This "invisible" practice, unlike corporate practices accessible to outsiders, did not diffuse through board interlocks. Rather, stock option backdating spread because of geographic proximity: Firms were more likely to backdate stock options to the extent that other firms located geographically close to them had done so. The effect of geographical proximity was conditional on high levels of local board interlocks, a finding that lends support to the idea of the importance of localized interactions among members of the local business elite. Together these findings suggest that invisible corporate practices follow unique diffusion patterns.
Essays on Employee Stock Options and Executive Compensation in (non-) Diversified Companies
| Author | : Pavlo Tsebro |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 125 |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : Employee stock options |
| ISBN | : |
Essay I. Prior literature suggests three explanations for why companies are granting stock options as a form of compensation to non-executive employees. Broad-based option grants can be used as an incentives tool, a sorting mechanism, and a means of assisting with employee retention. An alternative explanation also exists, namely, that financially constrained firms use broad-based option grants as a form of self-financing. This dissertation contributes to existing literature by examining the financial-constraints hypothesis in firms' option-granting practices. It is the first study to combine two independent approaches in testing the financial-constraints hypothesis in firm-wide option grants. Using simulated and empirical returns in utility model for a representative individual employee, I investigate whether option-based substitutions for a portion of payment in cash can result in economic savings to firms. Secondly, using empirical data on broad-based option grants and utilizing a financial constraints index and individual variable proxies for constraints, I examine the relationship between option grants and the severity of financial constraints to which the firm is subject. I find that direct financial benefits to the firm from the use of option grants are, in general, possible. However, sorting is more likely primary reason for using broad-based option grants, while self-financing is a positive side effect of sorting. Essay II. Agency problems are generally viewed in the literature as one of the reasons why the diversification discount exists. The adoption of equity-based forms of pay (EBC) in CEOs' compensation is considered one way of mitigating agency problems and thus enhancing the value of the firm. Essay II investigates how the intensity of EBC impacts the valuation of diversified firms in two dimensions of diversification: industrial and geographic. Building on the prior literature, this study takes a multi-dimensional approach by considering the combined effects of EBC levels, degrees of product, and geographic diversification on the valuation of the firm. Based on the results of this study I conclude that a firm's valuation is negatively affected by geographic diversification, but it is positively related to industrial diversification, while firms pursuing dual diversification strategies are valued at a discount. Use of the EBC helps to mitigate agency problems and has a positive effect on the firm's valuation. Finally, as a secondary objective I investigate whether regulatory changes (adoption of the SFAS No. 131, FASB 1997) affect the nature of the reported segment data. I find that new regulations do not materially alter the nature of the reported segment data, at least for the purposes of this study.
Three Essays on the Information Content of Stock Options
| Author | : Zekun Wu |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This dissertation consists of three essays that explore the information content embedded in equity options. The results improve our understanding of the cross-section of option returns, informed trading in the options market, and the industry effect of IPOs. In the first essay, we study the relation between option-implied skewness (IS) and the crosssection of option returns under daily hedging to better understand skewness pricing in isolation from lower moments. Creating portfolios of delta-hedged (D-hedged) and delta-vega-hedged (DV-hedged) options with daily rebalancing, we find that IS is negatively (positively) related to call (put) option returns, but the relation to put options is statistically significant only during economic recessions. The relation is more substantial when the underlying stock has a larger market beta and when the firm has more severe information opacity. Our results suggest that investors' skewness preference grows stronger with greater market risk and lower information quality. In the second essay, we examined the informed trading in the options market before FDA drug advisory committee meetings. We find significant abnormal options trading volume before both meeting dates and report creation dates, particularly for small drug firms. Abnormal volume significantly predicts post-meeting stock returns. Informed traders prefer out-of-the-money options and choose maturities to cover the dates when reports are publicly released. They prefer to sell options close to the meeting date, perhaps to capture returns from both expected stock price changes and the sharp drop in implied volatility post-meeting. In the third essay, I investigate the effect of initial public offerings (IPOs) on industry competitors' options market. I find that rival firms' put (call) options volume increases (decreases) around IPOs, leading to price pressure on call options relative to put options as measured by the implied volatility spread. Rival firms' reaction in the options market also predicts the IPO firms' post-IPO stock performance. Lastly, rival firms with strong operating income experience less negative impact in the options market, suggesting competitive operation performance help stabilize rival firms' options market around IPOs.
Three Essays in Search of a Conversation
| Author | : Sherman Lewis |
| Publisher | : Hayward Area Planning Association |
| Total Pages | : 191 |
| Release | : 2022-08-27 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : |
These essays are for Americans concerned about the future of our country and for policy wonks. By and large, the political process is controlled by those who take an intertest in politics, large in number but small as a percent of population. Are you a member of the political class? Membership is voluntary. Our first 800 years of thinking: science culture and empathy from the Enlightenment ~1600 to ~ 2400 The Crisis of the Anthropocene: The most comprehensive description of all issues of the crisis in less than 100 pages. For the purpose of going through your mind to influence your brain. Musings on our Present Discontent: America, not advanced, not a democracy. Right to life for baby; right to choose for mom. Taxation. The security of a free state. Issues not discussed. The threat from within, Trumpism. The threat from without: Putinism. How to participate. Renewal.
Three Essays in Financial Markets. The Bright Side of Financial Derivatives: Options Trading and Firm Innovation
| Author | : Iván Blanco |
| Publisher | : Ed. Universidad de Cantabria |
| Total Pages | : 90 |
| Release | : 2019-02-15 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 8481028770 |
Do financial derivatives enhance or impede innovation? We aim to answer this question by examining the relationship between equity options markets and standard measures of firm innovation. Our baseline results show that firms with more options trading activity generate more patents and patent citations per dollar of R&D invested. We then investigate how more active options markets affect firms' innovation strategy. Our results suggest that firms with greater trading activity pursue a more creative, diverse and risky innovation strategy. We discuss potential underlying mechanisms and show that options appear to mitigate managerial career concerns that would induce managers to take actions that boost short-term performance measures. Finally, using several econometric specifications that try to account for the potential endogeneity of options trading, we argue that the positive effect of options trading on firm innovation is causal.
Executive Stock Options, Firm Performance and Risk
| Author | : Allan McCall |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This dissertation comprises two essays on the use of stock options as compensation. In the first I examine the implementation of stock option plans in the 1950s as a natural experiment through which to examine the incentive implications of stock options. In the 1950 Revenue Act, Congress created "restricted stock options" that received favorable tax treatment compared to other forms of compensation. Immediately prior to change in tax law, there was almost no use of stock options for compensation. Over subsequent years, the majority of firms in my sample implement stock option plans. I find evidence that executives appear to respond to stock option plans by increasing firm risk and decreasing dividend payments. However, I do not find that firms implementing stock option plans subsequently perform better, and in fact find that in terms of ROA, they perform worse over the two years after putting a stock option plan in place. The second essay examines the economic consequences associated with the board of director choice of whether to adhere to proxy advisory firm policies in the design of stock option repricing programs. Proxy advisors provide research and voting recommendations to institutional investors on issues subject to a shareholder vote. Since many institutional investors follow the recommendations of proxy advisors in their voting, proxy advisor policies are an important consideration for corporate boards in the development of programs that require shareholder approval such as stock option repricing programs. Using a comprehensive sample of stock option repricings announced between 2004 and 2009, we find that repricing firms following the restrictive policies of proxy advisors exhibit statistically lower market reaction to the repricing, lower operating performance, and higher employee turnover. These results are consistent with the conclusion that proxy advisory firm recommendations regarding stock option repricings are not value increasing for shareholders.
