The Valuation of Executive Stock Options when Executives Can Influence the Payoffs

The Valuation of Executive Stock Options when Executives Can Influence the Payoffs
Author: Tung-Hsiao Yang
Publisher:
Total Pages: 44
Release: 2008
Genre:
ISBN:

It is widely believed that because of liquidity constraints and vesting requirements, executives value stock options at less than market or Black-Scholes-Merton values, as would be perceived by outside investors. This belief is contingent, however, on a subtle assumption that executives are, like shareholders, price takers with no ability to influence the underlying stock. But executives clearly have the ability to influence the stock, as that is the principal reason why they are granted the options. As such, executives are likely to be more willing to hold options than would ordinary investors, an important fact not captured in conventional models. We develop a model in which executives exert costly effort to alter the stock return distribution. We find that when executives act optimally, their options are worth much more than generally believed and potentially more than the market values of the options. Thus, conventional wisdom that the cost of stock options is less than the market value of these options is not necessarily true as these options can even be worth more than Black-Scholes-Merton value. In addition, this factor changes the behavior of early exercise, leading to exercise at higher threshold prices for higher quality executives and can make shorter term options be worth more than longer term options.

Employee Stock Option Compensation

Employee Stock Option Compensation
Author: Florian Wolff
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 263
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3322818497

Florian Wolff analyses how executives perceive their stock options and how their personal expectations and risk preferences affect the value they assign to them. He shows that stock options may be worth their money because people behave irrationally.

The Handbook of the Economics of Corporate Governance

The Handbook of the Economics of Corporate Governance
Author: Benjamin Hermalin
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 762
Release: 2017-09-18
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0444635408

The Handbook of the Economics of Corporate Governance, Volume One, covers all issues important to economists. It is organized around fundamental principles, whereas multidisciplinary books on corporate governance often concentrate on specific topics. Specific topics include Relevant Theory and Methods, Organizational Economic Models as They Pertain to Governance, Managerial Career Concerns, Assessment & Monitoring, and Signal Jamming, The Institutions and Practice of Governance, The Law and Economics of Governance, Takeovers, Buyouts, and the Market for Control, Executive Compensation, Dominant Shareholders, and more. Providing excellent overviews and summaries of extant research, this book presents advanced students in graduate programs with details and perspectives that other books overlook. - Concentrates on underlying principles that change little, even as the empirical literature moves on - Helps readers see corporate governance systems as interrelated or even intertwined external (country-level) and internal (firm-level) forces - Reviews the methodological tools of the field (theory and empirical), the most relevant models, and the field's substantive findings, all of which help point the way forward

Financial Derivatives

Financial Derivatives
Author: Rob Quail
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 624
Release: 2009-11-02
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0470499109

Essential insights on the various aspects of financial derivatives If you want to understand derivatives without getting bogged down by the mathematics surrounding their pricing and valuation, Financial Derivatives is the book for you. Through in-depth insights gleaned from years of financial experience, Robert Kolb and James Overdahl clearly explain what derivatives are and how you can prudently use them within the context of your underlying business activities. Financial Derivatives introduces you to the wide range of markets for financial derivatives. This invaluable guide offers a broad overview of the different types of derivatives-futures, options, swaps, and structured products-while focusing on the principles that determine market prices. This comprehensive resource also provides a thorough introduction to financial derivatives and their importance to risk management in a corporate setting. Filled with helpful tables and charts, Financial Derivatives offers a wealth of knowledge on futures, options, swaps, financial engineering, and structured products. Discusses what derivatives are and how you can prudently implement them within the context of your underlying business activities Provides thorough coverage of financial derivatives and their role in risk management Explores financial derivatives without getting bogged down by the mathematics surrounding their pricing and valuation This informative guide will help you unlock the incredible potential of financial derivatives.

The Pay to Performance Incentives of Executive Stock Options

The Pay to Performance Incentives of Executive Stock Options
Author: Brian J. Hall
Publisher:
Total Pages: 60
Release: 1998
Genre: Chief executive officers
ISBN:

Detailed data about stock option contracts are used to measure and analyze the pay to performance incentives of executive stock options. Two main issues are addressed. The first is the pay to performance incentives created by the revaluation of stock option holdings. The findings suggest that if CEO stock holdings were replaced by the same ex ante value of stock options, the pay to performance sensitivity of the median CEO would approximately double. Relative to granting at the money options, a value neutral policy of regularly granting options out of the money (Pe=1.5P) would increase pay to performance sensitivity by approximately 27 percent. The second issue is the pay to performance created by yearly stock option grants. Because most stock option plans are multi year plans, it is shown that different option granting plans have significantly different pay to performance incentives since changes in current stock prices affect the value of future option grants in different ways. Four option granting policies are compared and contrasted. Ranked from highest powered to lowest powered, these policies are: 1) LBO-style up-front options, 2) fixed number policies, 3) fixed value policies and 4) an (unofficial) policy of "back-door repricing." Empirical evidence suggests that (even ignoring the revaluation of past option grants) the pay to performance relationship in practice is stronger for 1) stock option grants relative to salary and bonus, and 2) fixed number plans relative to non-fixed number plans.

Pay Without Performance

Pay Without Performance
Author: Lucian A. Bebchuk
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Total Pages: 308
Release: 2004
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780674020634

The company is under-performing, its share price is trailing, and the CEO gets...a multi-million-dollar raise. This story is familiar, for good reason: as this book clearly demonstrates, structural flaws in corporate governance have produced widespread distortions in executive pay. Pay without Performance presents a disconcerting portrait of managers' influence over their own pay--and of a governance system that must fundamentally change if firms are to be managed in the interest of shareholders. Lucian Bebchuk and Jesse Fried demonstrate that corporate boards have persistently failed to negotiate at arm's length with the executives they are meant to oversee. They give a richly detailed account of how pay practices--from option plans to retirement benefits--have decoupled compensation from performance and have camouflaged both the amount and performance-insensitivity of pay. Executives' unwonted influence over their compensation has hurt shareholders by increasing pay levels and, even more importantly, by leading to practices that dilute and distort managers' incentives. This book identifies basic problems with our current reliance on boards as guardians of shareholder interests. And the solution, the authors argue, is not merely to make these boards more independent of executives as recent reforms attempt to do. Rather, boards should also be made more dependent on shareholders by eliminating the arrangements that entrench directors and insulate them from their shareholders. A powerful critique of executive compensation and corporate governance, Pay without Performance points the way to restoring corporate integrity and improving corporate performance.

Expensing Executive Stock Options

Expensing Executive Stock Options
Author: Don M. Chance
Publisher:
Total Pages: 73
Release: 2004
Genre:
ISBN:

This paper examines the issues and controversies over the question of whether executive stock options should be expensed and, if so, how option values should be determined. It identifies and clarifies the key questions and surveys and synthesizes the academic and trade literature. Illustrations and analyses of valuation models are provided. The paper identifies several key issues that have received little attention, such as whether the value to the executive is the cost to the company, how the effects of vesting and forfeiture should be incorporated while maintaining consistency with sound valuation theory, and whether these options should be marked to market. The paper also identifies two areas that have received almost no attention in either the practitioner or academic literature. One is the effect of taxes on the values of these options. The other is the impact, if any, of the influence an executive presumably has on the payoff of the option on the executive's willingness to hold an undiversified portfolio and what effect this factor has on the value of the option.

Valuation Techniques

Valuation Techniques
Author: David T. Larrabee
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 628
Release: 2012-11-06
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1118397436

Analysis and insights from top thought leaders on a pivotal topic in investing and asset management Valuation is the cornerstone for investment analysis, and a thorough understanding and correct application of valuation methodologies are critical for long-term investing success. Edited by two leading valuation experts from CFA Institute, this book brings together the insights and expertise of some of the most astute and successful investment minds of the past 50 years. From Benjamin Graham, the “father of value investing,” to Aswath Damodaran, you’ll learn what these investment luminaries have to say about investment valuation techniques, including earnings and cash flow analysis. Features the best thinking on valuation from the industry’s masters on the topic, supplemented with dozens of fascinating and instructive real-world examples Comprehensively discusses special valuation situations, such as real options, employee stock options, highly leveraged firms, corporate takeovers, and more Supplies you with the tools you need to successfully navigate and thrive in the ever-changing financial markets Is being produced with the full support and input of CFA Institute, the world’s leading association of investment professionals

Executive Stock Options

Executive Stock Options
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
Publisher:
Total Pages: 256
Release: 2007
Genre: Employee stock options
ISBN: