Solar Polarization

Solar Polarization
Author: K.N. Nagendra
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 558
Release: 1999-07-31
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9780792358145

Novel instruments for high-precision imaging polarimetry have opened new possibilities, including for exploring effects in radiative scattering, atomic physics, spectral line formation, and radiative transfer. This volume gives a comprehensive and up-to-date account of this rapidly evolving and interdisciplinary field of science.

An Introduction To Solar Radiation

An Introduction To Solar Radiation
Author: Muhammad Iqbal
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 409
Release: 2012-12-02
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0323151817

An Introduction to Solar Radiation is an introductory text on solar radiation, with emphasis on the methods of calculation for determining the amount of solar radiation incident on a surface on the earth. Topics covered include the astronomical relationship between the sun and the earth; thermal radiation; the solar constant and its spectral distribution; and extraterrestrial solar irradiation. This book is comprised of 12 chapters and begins with an overview of the trigonometric relationships between the sun-earth line and the position of an inclined surface, followed by a discussion on the characteristics of blackbody radiation. The next chapter focuses on the solar constant and its spectral distribution, paying particular attention to extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance and the sun's blackbody temperature. Subsequent chapters explore extraterrestrial and radiation incident on inclined planes; the optics of a cloudless-sky atmosphere; solar spectral radiation and total (broadband) radiation under cloudless skies; and solar radiation arriving at horizontal surfaces on the earth through cloudy skies. The ground albedo and its spectral and angular variation are also described, along with insolation on inclined surfaces. The last chapter is devoted to instruments for measuring solar radiation, including pyrheliometers and pyranometers. This monograph will serve as a useful guide for energy analysts, designers of thermal devices, architects and engineers, agronomists, and hydrologists as well as senior graduate students.

The Solar Spectrum

The Solar Spectrum
Author: C. de Jager
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 423
Release: 2013-11-11
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9401763763

A good deal of our information on solar physics and on solar phenomena is derived from the solar spectrum. A quantitative interpretation of this spectrum was only possible after 1920, after the establishment of Bohr's atomic model, the discovery of Saha's law, and the development of spectrophotometry. The resolving and light gathering powers of our instruments have greatly increased since. We have seen an enormous progress in our theoretical under standing of basic atomic phenomena, and of the intricate problems concerned with the transfer of energy through a complicated structure like the sun's outer layers. In particular the observable part of the solar spectrum tremen dously enlarged since the introduction, in the years after 1945, of radio astronomy, enabling us to study the solar spectrum between wavelengths of some mm to about 15 m, of space research, giving access to the whole electro magnetic spectrum below 3000 A, down to about 0. 01 A. Further, the low and high energetic components of the solar particles spectrum have been dis covered with space probes (the solar wind), rockets, balloons (the so-called sub cosmic-ray particles) and cosmic ray monitors (solar cosmic ray bursts). The extreme wealth of this spectrum, much vaster in extent than the earlier investigators could only dream of, is an important source of information. It looked appropriate to us, after the rapid development of this branch of science, ' to invite the world's leading solar physicists to Utrecht for a summa rizing symposium on the whole solar spectrum.

Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements

Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements
Author: Frank Vignola
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 408
Release: 2017-12-19
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1439851905

The rather specialized field of solar and infrared radiation measurement has become more and more important in the face of growing demands by the renewable energy and climate change research communities for data that are more accurate and have increased temporal and spatial resolution. Updating decades of acquired knowledge in the field, Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements details the strengths and weaknesses of instruments used to conduct such solar and infrared radiation measurements. Topics covered include: Radiometer design and performance Equipment calibration, installation, operation, and maintenance Data quality assessment Methods to use measured data to estimate irradiance for any surface With a broad range of content that will benefit students and more experienced readers alike, this resource serves as a primer and technical reference that presents the basic terminology and fundamentals for resource assessment. It explores the history of solar radiation instruments and addresses direct normal, global, diffuse, and tilted measurements, as well as the characteristics of instruments used for these measurements. The authors consider methods of assessing the uncertainty of solar measurements and then cover albedo, infrared, net, and spectral irradiance measurements and instrumentation. The book devotes a section to other meteorological instruments, and another to the basics for installing and operating a solar monitoring station. Appendices include information on solar resource assessment modeling and satellite-derived irradiance, along with other useful material. This book’s authors are experts who each have more than 30 years of experience developing and operating multiple measurement stations, working with industry to improve radiometry, and conducting various research projects.

Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean

Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean
Author: Gary E. Thomas
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 554
Release: 2002-01-28
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 9780521890618

Provides a foundation of the theoretical and practical aspects of radiative transfer, for the atmospheric, oceanic and environmental sciences.

The Solar Spectrum 3069Å-2095Å

The Solar Spectrum 3069Å-2095Å
Author: Charlotte Emma Moore
Publisher:
Total Pages: 184
Release: 1982
Genre: Spectrum analysis
ISBN:

This report presents the final listing of solar lines recorded in the NRL echelle spectra photographed at high resolution from Aerobee rockets flown in 1961 and 1964. The wavelength range covered is 3069Å to 2095Å. It is intended to accompany NRL report numbers 7788, 'An Atlas of the Solar Spectrum Between 2226 and 2992 Angstroms,' which presents the solar irradiance at 0.03 Å resolution as derived from the echelle spectra. Solar wavelengths are given to 0.01 Å, and estimated solar intensities are listed on a visual scale of 1 to 9. Identifications have been made from a detailed study of the multiplets in individual spectra and are based on a search of the spectroscopic literature. Laboratory wavelengths, multiplet numbers, and references are cited for each line. Approximately 6150 lines are reported, of which 80% are identified.

Solar Polarization

Solar Polarization
Author: K.N. Nagendra
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 553
Release: 2013-03-09
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9401593299

Novel instruments for high-precision imaging polarimetry have opened new possibilities, including for exploring effects in radiative scattering, atomic physics, spectral line formation, and radiative transfer. This volume gives a comprehensive and up-to-date account of this rapidly evolving and interdisciplinary field of science.

Spectral Line Formation

Spectral Line Formation
Author: John T. Jefferies
Publisher:
Total Pages: 328
Release: 1968
Genre: Astronomical spectroscopy
ISBN:

The purpose of this book is to discuss certain aspects of the theory of the formation and analysis of the line spectrum of a hot gas. The underlying motivation for most of the studies discussed here lies in a desire to develop a physically sound procedure for interpreting the line spectrum of a stellar atmosphere ; correspondingly, the major emphasis is given to problems encountered in astrophysics.