Volney's "The Ruins: Or, Meditation on the Revolutions of Empires" strikes the note of vehement protest against contemporary 18th Century institutions and society. It analyzes the governments of the Empires of the past, shows where they failed, and presents us with the moral. In a word it was heartily in accord with the revolutionary spirit of its day. Constantin Fran�ois Volney (1757 - 1820) was a French philosopher, a republican liberalist of the French Revolution, travel author, and historian. In 1791, he published the original French version of "The Ruins: Or, Meditation on the Revolutions of Empires" under the title of "Les Ruines, ou Meditations sur les Revolutions des Empires.''Although to-day we have forgotten Volney, at the close of the eighteenth century he had wide spread fame as a literary exponent of freedom. Born in 1757, while yet in his minority he made extended travels in Egypt and Palestine. History has it that Napoleon on his Egyptian Campaign, used the guide book Volney had written. Later the States-General elected him a member.He embarked on a journey to the East in late 1782 and reached Ottoman Egypt, where he spent nearly seven months. Thereafter, he lived for nearly two years in Greater Syria in what is today Lebanon and Israel/Palestine in order to learn Arabic.In 1795 he undertook a journey to the United States, where he was accused by John Adams' administration of being a French spy. Sometime during his stay in the United States, he and Thomas Jefferson entered into a secret arrangement whereby Jefferson agreed to translate Volney's Ruins of Empires into English. According to the evidence discovered by the French researcher Gilbert Chinard, Jefferson translated the invocation plus the first 20 chapters of the 1802 Paris edition of Volney's Ruins. These first 20 chapters represent a review of human history from the point of view of a post-Enlightenment philosopher. Presumably, Jefferson then became too occupied with the 1800 Presidential campaign and didn't have time to finish the last four chapters of the book.Since Jefferson didn't have time to complete the translation project, the last four chapters were translated by Joel Barlow (1754 -1812), an American land speculator and poet living in Paris. ContentsI. THE JOURNEY.II. THE REVERIE.III. THE APPARITION.IV. THE EXPOSITIONV. CONDITION OF MAN IN THE UNIVERSE.VI. THE PRIMITIVE STATE OF MAN.VII. PRINCIPLES OF SOCIETY.VIII. SOURCES OF THE EVILS OF SOCIETY.IX. ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT AND LAWS.X. GENERAL CAUSES OF THE PROSPERITY OF ANCIENT STATES.XI. GENERAL CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTIONS AND RUIN OF ANCIENT STATES.XII. LESSONS OF TIMES PAST REPEATED ON THE PRESENT.XIII. WILL THE HUMAN RACE IMPROVE?XIV. THE GREAT OBSTACLE TO IMPROVEMENT.XV. THE NEW AGE.XVI. A FREE AND LEGISLATIVE PEOPLE.XVII. UNIVERSAL BASIS OF ALL RIGHT AND ALL LAW.XVIII. CONSTERNATION AND CONSPIRACY OF TYRANTS.XIX. GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE NATIONS.XX. THE SEARCH OF TRUTH.XXI. PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS CONTRADICTIONS.XXII. ORIGIN AND FILIATION OF RELIGIOUS IDEAS.XXIII. ALL RELIGIONS HAVE THE SAME OBJECT.XXIV. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTIONS.