Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean

Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean
Author: G.J. Goni
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 523
Release: 2003-11-12
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0080534899

Recent results from modeling and observational studies demonstrate that the tropical Atlantic is a critical region for processes that maintain the meridional overturning circulation, such as cross-equatorial exchanges, and for sea surface temperature variability that impacts on climate variability of the coupled tropical ocean/atmosphere system. The theme of this book is the inter-hemispheric and inter-gyre exchanges of heat, salt and fresh water, while its goal is to improve the knowledge of the tropical Atlantic dynamics and how it affects the global ocean. A clear understanding of the dynamics of processes that affect the flow of mass and heat between the southern and the northern hemispheres in the upper few hundred meters in the tropical Atlantic and of those associated to the ocean circulation or to surface signals, from decadal, inter-annual to mesoscale periods, becomes necessary to better evaluate their contribution to the interhemispheric mass exchange. These processes are believed to be largely responsible in driving the sea surface temperature, which in turn, is a critical parameter to investigate ocean-atmospheric interactions. Output produced by regional models is also used to complement the observations and to provide additional information on their spatial and temporal variability. The subtropical cells, by bringing water masses subducted in the subtropics to the equator, and zonal currents investigated here contribute to the interhemispheric water exchange. Special attention is also given to the warm and salty anticyclonic rings shed by the North Brazil Current, which are now known to have a much broader impact, not only on interhemispheric water mass transfer, but also on the environment of remote regions. Observations from different sources are blended together, are used to validate model outputs and are also assimilated into models to obtain a more complete and accurate picture of the oceanic circulation and of its time evolution.

Our Affair with El Nino

Our Affair with El Nino
Author: S. George Philander
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Total Pages: 292
Release: 2006-05-07
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 9780691126227

Until 1997, few people had heard of the seasonal current that Peruvians nicknamed El Niño. But when meteorologists linked it to devastating floods in California, severe droughts in Indonesia, and strange weather everywhere, its name became entrenched in the common parlance faster than a typhoon making landfall. Bumper stickers appeared bearing the phrase "Don't blame me; blame El Niño." Stockbrokers muttered "El Niño" when the market became erratic. What's behind this fascinating natural phenomenon, and how did our perceptions of it change? In this captivating book, renowned oceanographer George Philander engages readers in lucid and stimulating discussions of the scientific, political, economic and cultural developments that shaped our perceptions of this force of nature. The book begins by outlining the history of El Niño, an innocuous current that appears off the coast of Peru around Christmastime--its name refers to the Child Jesus--and originally was welcomed as a blessing. It goes on to explore how our perceptions of El Niño were transformed, not because the phenomenon changed, but because we did. Philander argues persuasively that familiarity with the different facets of our affair with El Niño--our wealth of experience in dealing with natural hazards such as severe storms and prolonged droughts--can help us cope with an urgent and controversial environmental problem of our own making--global warming. Intellectually invigorating and a joy to read, Our Affair with El Niño is an important contribution to the debate about the relationship between scientific knowledge and public affairs.

Ocean Circulation and Climate

Ocean Circulation and Climate
Author: Ben P. Kirtman
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Total Pages: 49
Release: 2013-10-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0128058730

This chapter summarizes the scientific basis for and the current status of seasonal-to-interannual prediction with particular emphasis on the role of the tropical oceans. The first part of the chapter focuses on oceanic sources of predictability in the tropical Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Seasonal-to-interannual predictability issues in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics are also discussed. Mechanisms that limit predictability, particularly for ENSO, are highlighted. The second part of the chapter describes the forecast quality and procedures in practice today. Finally, the concluding remarks identify some outstanding challenges.

Free and Forced Tropical Variability

Free and Forced Tropical Variability
Author: Salil Mahajan
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:

The Wind-Evaporation-Sea Surface Temperature (WES) feedback is believed to play an important role in the tropics, where climate variability is governed by atmosphere-ocean coupled interactions. This dissertation reports on studies to distinctly isolate the WES feedback mechanism over tropical oceans using a modified version of an NCAR-Community Climate Model (CCM3) thermodynamically coupled to a slab ocean model, where the WES feedback is deliberately suppressed in the bulk aerodynamic formulation for surface heat fluxes. A comparison of coupled integrations using the modied WES-off CCM3 to those carried out using the standard CCM3 conclusively identifies the role of the WES feedback in enhancing the inter-annual variability over deep tropical oceans and the westward propagation of the equatorial annual cycle. An important role for near surface humidity in tropical climate variability in enhancing inter-annual variability and in sustaining the equatorial annual cycle is also suggested. Statistical analyses over the tropical Atlantic reveal that the free coupled meridional mode of the Atlantic Ocean is amplied in the presence of the WES feedback. Similar analyses of coupled model integrations, when forced with an articial El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like SST cycle in tropical Pacic, reveal that only in the presence of the WES feedback is the meridional mode the preferred mode of response of the Atlantic to ENSO forcings. It is also found that WES feedback reinforces the tendency of the ITCZ to stay north of the equator over the Atlantic during El-Niño events. Comparative studies between Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) equivalent imposed northern hemispheric sea-ice experiments with the WES-off model and the standard model indicate a dominant role for the WES feedback in the southward shift of the ITCZ as indicated by paleo-climate records. However, it is found not to be the sole thermodynamic mechanism responsible for the propagation of high latitude cold SST anomalies to the tropics, suggesting signicant roles for other mechanisms in the tropical response to high latitude changes.

Ocean Circulation and Climate

Ocean Circulation and Climate
Author: Swadhin Behera
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Total Pages: 74
Release: 2013-10-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0128058641

The tropical oceans play important roles in the global climate system through ocean transports of heat and freshwater as well as ocean–atmosphere interactions. The developments in observational networks during recent decades have helped us to quantify the strength and variability of most of the ocean general circulations responsible for the transports. Those are discussed in detail in individual sections covering each tropical basin separately with a special emphasis on recent research results. Shallow overturning cells observed in all three tropical basins as well as the deep Atlantic meridional overturning circulation are such examples that are linked to ocean and climate variations on multiple timescales. In addition, tropical ocean–atmosphere interactions associated with oceanic planetary waves cause large-scale climate variations such as El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole, Atlantic Niño, and ENSO Modoki. Recent advances in numerical modeling augmented by in situ and satellite observations are helping the research community to understand ocean process and to predict associated climate variations on seasonal to longer timescales.