The Relationship Between Race And Culture In Enlightenment Thought
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Author | : Nejla Demirkaya |
Publisher | : GRIN Verlag |
Total Pages | : 30 |
Release | : 2018-07-02 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : 3668739684 |
Seminar paper from the year 2015 in the subject History of Europe - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 1,3, University of Göttingen (Seminar für Mittlere und Neuere Geschichte), language: English, abstract: This paper will revolve around the question of how the concepts of race and culture – encompassing the entirety of human behaviour, social practices, expressive forms and technologies – or civilisation – signifying the former’s upscaled and yet more complex version – might be interlinked in the anthropological and philosophical writings of four renowned German scholars: Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottfried Herder, Christoph Meiners and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. To this end, the intellectual preconditions for culture and civilisation need to be taken into account as well. All four of these scholars were deliberately chosen not only due to their pioneering contributions to scientific race and cultural theories, but also the controversial, at times perhaps even acrimonious debates they were engaged in with each other. Scholarly activity of the Enlightenment could be said to have carried the impulse to classify and organise the world around us and even beyond our immediate reach to extremes. However, tied to classification systems of any kind are incongruities and generalisations that do not necessarily, if at all, measure up to reality. Perhaps it is in these generalising descriptions, especially of foreign peoples and cultures, where one’s own self-conception surfaces most clearly. In order to gain insight into but a small fraction of the Enlightened mind, the analysis of some of the most influential and remarkable writings about the racial division of humankind could be a useful starting point.
Author | : Susanna Harper |
Publisher | : GRIN Verlag |
Total Pages | : 15 |
Release | : 2013-11-13 |
Genre | : Political Science |
ISBN | : 3656540101 |
Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Politics - Region: USA, grade: 1,0, , language: English, abstract: For centuries, the term ‘Enlightenment’ has been used by historiographers and historians to refer to a period in history which was marked by great change in the way people thought about the essence of life. It was coined by people who believed that they had finally found answers to life’s problems – not in religion but in science. Many revolutions were born out of this age of reason, including the French Revolution which today is generally used to mark the end of the Enlightenment era. Its ideals of liberté, egalité and fraternité were carried through out Europe and even into the Americas. Yet, whether these goals were achieved, especially in connection with gender and race, shall be further discussed in this essay. At the outset of this paper will be a brief introduction to the Enlightenment and its most important philosophes. In the following two chapters, this paper will take a closer look at the relationship between the Enlightenment and ideas of race and gender. How did Enlightenment thinkers address and handle these topics? What was the legacy of Enlightenment concerning women and in particular black emancipation? How does anti-Semitism relate to the subject, and how could racism avail in societies that claimed to stand for equality of rights? Acknowledging that the United States of America is a nation which was founded and thoroughly shaped by Enlightenment thinkers, this paper will focus just as much on the developments in the nation states of Europe as it will on the United States of America.
Author | : Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze |
Publisher | : Wiley-Blackwell |
Total Pages | : 178 |
Release | : 1997-02-18 |
Genre | : Literary Criticism |
ISBN | : 9780631201366 |
Emmanuel Eze collects into one convenient and controversial volume the most important and influential writings on race that the European Enlightenment produced.
Author | : Nicholas Hudson |
Publisher | : Bloomsbury Publishing |
Total Pages | : 241 |
Release | : 2023-06-01 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : 1350300039 |
The period between the 16th and 18th centuries witnessed the expansion of European travel, trade and colonization around the globe, resulting in greatly increased contact between Westerners and peoples throughout the rest of the world. With the rise of print and the commercial book market, Europeans avidly consumed reports of the outside world and its various peoples, often in distorted or fictional forms. With the consolidation of new empirical science and taxonomy, prejudice against peoples of different colours and cultures during the 16th and 17th centuries became more systematic, giving rise to the doctrines of race 'science.' Although humanitarianism and the idea of human rights also flourished, inspiring the campaign to abolish the slave trade, this movement did not hinder imperialist expansion and the belief that humans could be ranked in a hierarchy that authorized White domination. The essays in this volume trace the complex pattern of intellectual and cultural change from popular bigotry in the Age of Shakespeare to the racial categories developed in the works of Buffon and Kant. These essays also link changes in racial thinking to other trends during this age. The development of modern ideas of race corresponded with emerging conceptions of the nation state; new acceptance of religious diversity became linked with speculations on racial diversity; transforming ideologies of gender and sexuality overlapped in crucial ways with developing racial attitudes. In many ways, the period between the Reformation and Enlightenment laid the foundations for modern racial thinking, generating issues and conflicts that still haunt us today.
Author | : Devin J. Vartija |
Publisher | : University of Pennsylvania Press |
Total Pages | : 286 |
Release | : 2021-08-06 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : 0812253191 |
Enlightenment thinkers bequeathed a paradoxical legacy to the modern world: they expanded the purview of equality while simultaneously inventing the modern concept of race. The Color of Equality makes sense of this tension by demonstrating that the same Enlightenment impulse—the naturalization of humanity—underlay both of these trends.
Author | : Kenan Malik |
Publisher | : Bloomsbury Publishing |
Total Pages | : 330 |
Release | : 1996-07-12 |
Genre | : Social Science |
ISBN | : 1349247707 |
In The Meaning of Race, Kenan Malik throws new light on the nature and origins of ideas of racial difference. Arguing that the concept of 'race' is a means through which Western society has come to understand the relationship between humanity, society and nature, the book re-examines the relationship between Enlightenment thought and racial discourse, clarifies the nature of scientific racism, and presents a critique of postmodern theories of cultural 'difference'.
Author | : Kenan Malik |
Publisher | : MacMillan |
Total Pages | : 323 |
Release | : 1996 |
Genre | : Equality |
ISBN | : 9780333628584 |
Kenan Malik has done the almost impossible: written a clear and dispassionate book about a murky and passionate subject. He shows how the old errors and lies about race, class and genes have been reborn wearing a new disguise. If you believed The Bell Curve, this book will change your mind.' - Professor Steve Jones, author, The Language of The Genes and In the Blood
Author | : John Harfouch |
Publisher | : State University of New York Press |
Total Pages | : 270 |
Release | : 2018-05-22 |
Genre | : Philosophy |
ISBN | : 1438469977 |
The mind-body problem in philosophy is typically understood as a discourse concerning the relation of mental states to physical states, and the experience of sensation. On this level it seems to transcend issues of race and racism, but Another Mind-Body Problem demonstrates that racial distinctions have been an integral part of the discourse since the Modern period in philosophy. Reading figures such as Descartes, Leibniz, and Kant in their historical contexts, John Harfouch uncovers discussions of mind and body that engaged closely with philosophical and scientific notions of race in metaphysics and the philosophy of mind, in particular in understanding how the mind unites with the body at birth and is then passed on through sexual reproduction. Kant argued that a person's exterior body and interior psyche are bound together, that non-White people lacked reason, and that this lack of reason was carried on through reproduction such that non-Whites were an example of a union of mind and body without full being. Charting the development of this phenomenon from sixteenth-century medical literature to modern-day race discourse, Harfouch argues for new understandings of Descartes's mind-body problem, Fanon's experience of being 'not-yet human,' and the place of racism in relation to one of philosophy's most enduring and canonical problems.
Author | : Kenan Malik |
Publisher | : ONEWorld Publications |
Total Pages | : 358 |
Release | : 2009-04-16 |
Genre | : Psychology |
ISBN | : |
Debates about race are back and they're only getting bigger. There has recently been a massive upsurge in scientific racial research. The US government has licensed a heart drug to be used only on African Americans. A genetic study claims that Jews are more intelligent because their history of financial occupations favored genes associated with cleverness. Malik argues that this rise in racial ideas is paradoxically due to the efforts of liberal anti-racism.
Author | : Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze |
Publisher | : Wiley-Blackwell |
Total Pages | : 176 |
Release | : 1997-02-18 |
Genre | : Literary Criticism |
ISBN | : 9780631201373 |
Emmanuel Eze collects into one convenient and controversial volume the most important and influential writings on race that the European Enlightenment produced.