Age Estimation of the Human Skeleton

Age Estimation of the Human Skeleton
Author: Krista E. Latham
Publisher: Charles C Thomas Publisher
Total Pages: 311
Release: 2010
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0398086249

Age Estimation of the Human Skeleton is a needed up-to-date book providing anthropologists and anatomists with a broad spectrum of techniques focused on aging human skeletal remains. It represents the most current reference book devoted entirely to estimating age at death for skeletonized and decomposed human remains and is a convenient starting point for practical and research applications. This book is a valuable reference for all individuals interested in the identification or analysis of human remains including forensic anthropologists, bioarchaeologists, forensic odontologists, pathologists and anatomists at student and professional levels. Age Estimation of the Human Skeleton would serve as an ideal supplemental textbook for introductory and advanced osteology and forensic anthropology courses. Age Estimation of the Human Skeleton is a collection of some of the latest research in age estimation techniques of human skeletal remains. It compiles recent scientific research on age at death estimation using dental and gross skeletal morphological indicators of age, as well as histological and multifactorial age estimation techniques. Age estimation methods from all life-stage categories, including: fetal, sub-adult, and adult are included in the book. Age Estimation of the Human Skeleton also includes chapters that evaluate and review the older, more traditional aging techniques as well as information that explores future directions and considerations for research in this area. Overall, Age Estimation of the Human Skeleton bolsters the references available to researchers in academic, laboratory, and medicolegal facilities and is an attractive text to a sizable spectrum of analysts.

Age Estimation

Age Estimation
Author: Joe Adserias-Garriga
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 244
Release: 2019-04-11
Genre: Law
ISBN: 0128144920

Age Estimation: A Multidisciplinary Approach is the only reference in the field covering all techniques and methods involving age estimation from different perspectives in just one volume. The book provides comprehensive coverage of all aspects of age estimation: aging the living and the dead, human rights, and skeletal, dental, histological and biochemical techniques and methods available. Each chapter is written by internationally known expert contributors. Age Estimation: A Multidisciplinary Approach is a one of a kind resource for those involved in estimating the age of the living and the dead. Presents a concentration of all techniques and methods involving age estimation in a single volume Provides a multidisciplinary approach that lends itself to researchers, practitioners and students from a variety of different fields Includes contributions by world renowned forensic specialists

Improved Skeletal Age-at-Death Estimation and Its Impact on Archaeological Analyses

Improved Skeletal Age-at-Death Estimation and Its Impact on Archaeological Analyses
Author: Sara Getz
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2016
Genre:
ISBN:

Skeletons are the most direct way to study long-term trends in longevity, mortality patterns, and disease experience for much of human existence. Adequate age estimates can be produced for children and young adults, but such estimates for most of adulthood remain elusive. This four-phase dissertation is a large-scale proof-of-concept that accurate and precise age estimates can be produced for all of adulthood without the two most widely used skeletal indicatorsthe pubic symphysis and auricular surface. This work builds on over two decades of research by an international research team and an existing age-estimation method called Transition Analysis (TA). In Phase 1, more than 200 trait variants were investigated to identify and refine a set of age-informative features throughout the skeleton, and primary reference data were collected from four collections of modern, known-age North American skeletons (N=1010). In Phase 2, a simplified procedure based on existing TA was developed to produce age estimates from Phase 1 reference data. In Phase 3, standard age-estimation methods and new TA were applied to additional known-age samplesone modern and one historical. In both samples, the estimates produced by new TA have similar accuracy to traditional methods, but the ranges are, on average, half as wide and show essentially no systematic point estimate bias. In Phase 4, traditional methods and new TA were applied to two Danish archaeological samples. Comparing the Phase 3 and 4 samples reveals that each traditional method produces a characteristic pattern of adult mortality that is practically independent of the age distribution of the sample. Thus, all mortality profiles generated for past populations using traditional techniques should be viewed with critical skepticism. In contrast, new TA produces mortality distributions that more closely approximate reality, including details that could not be detected using traditional techniques. This dissertation, in conjunction with a larger NIJ-funded research project using the same approach for geographically diverse modern populations, provides every indication that the new TA procedure may become the new gold standard for adult age estimation.

The Influence of Body Size on Sexual Dimorphism

The Influence of Body Size on Sexual Dimorphism
Author: Haley Elizabeth Horbaly
Publisher:
Total Pages: 131
Release: 2017
Genre: Human body
ISBN:

Accurate sex estimation of human skeletal remains is imperative for skeletal biologists, and relies upon the sexual dimorphism between males and females in a population. The degree of dimorphism, and hence the accuracy of sex estimation methods, are known to vary among populations, and while such global patterns have been well studied, the underlying causes of this variation are relatively unclear. Body size--a sexually dimorphic trait that also varies among populations--has previously been shown to affect skeletal morphology, yet whether specific body size parameters, such as stature and body mass, influence the expression of traits used for nonmetric sex estimation has not been previously tested. To address this problem, this study tests three hypotheses: (1) variation in expression of sexually dimorphic traits will co-vary with body size, (2) stature will be a greater contributor to the sexual dimorphism of specific skeletal traits than body mass, and (3) sexual dimorphism will increase as stature increases. Over 200 skeletons of varying body size were scored according to three widely-used sex estimation methods for the cranium, pelvis, and humerus. Existing and novel metrics provide more nuanced measures of dimorphism in the same skeletal regions. A suite of parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were conducted to determine the degree of covariation among the skeletal traits, method performance, and body size. Results show significant correlations exist between dimorphic traits and both body size parameters, with stature exhibiting stronger correlations than body mass. However, the effects of stature on individual traits become diluted when analyzing overall method performance, which remains unaffected by body size. The exception is the pelvic method, which exhibits high classification accuracy for the tallest and shortest males in the sample, with individuals around the mean at the highest risk of misclassification. Despite the results of the pelvic method, overall there is little effect of body size on morphological sex estimation performance. However, body size does influence metric traits, with stature exerting more influence than body mass. Future research should explore whether body size, particularly stature, has the potential to affect both intra- and interpopulational application of metric sex estimation methods.

Remodeling Forensic Skeletal Age

Remodeling Forensic Skeletal Age
Author: Bridget F.B. Algee‐Hewitt
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 260
Release: 2021-04-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0128243910

Remodeling Forensic Skeletal Age: Modern Applications and New Research Directions presents a comprehensive understanding of the analytical frameworks and conceptual approaches surrounding forensic age estimation and the current state of the field. The book also includes a series of recommendations of best practice through chapter-examples that offer theory and guidance for data acquisition, technique and/or model development, and the assessment of impact of the adopted approaches. Written by leading, international experts, the book's contributors provide an introduction, conceptual understanding and taxonomy of statistical frameworks and computational approaches, including the Bayesian paradigm and machine learning techniques for age estimation. Discusses core concepts in age estimation, along with key terminologies Presents tactics on how readers can generate sound models that can be translated into forensic reports and expert testimony Provides a step-wise approach and best practice recommendations for data acquisition, considerations in sampling, exploratory data analysis, visualization, and sources of error for appropriate and reproducible research design Includes examples, theory and guidance on how to develop models for age estimation and reviews the impact of population-specific and universal approaches

Hand Bone Age

Hand Bone Age
Author: Vicente Gilsanz
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 98
Release: 2011-10-20
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3642237622

In the past, determination of bone maturity relied on visual evaluation of skeletal development in the hand and wrist, most commonly using the Greulich and Pyle atlas. The Gilsanz and Ratib digital atlas takes advantage of digital imaging and provides a more effective and objective approach to assessment of skeletal maturity. The atlas integrates the key morphological features of ossification in the bones of the hand and wrist and provides idealized, sex- and age-specific images of skeletal development New to this revised second edition is a description and user manual for Bone Age for iPad®, iPhone® and iPod touch®, which can be purchased and used separately from this book. The App can be easily employed to calculate the deviation of the patient’s age from the normal range and to predict a possible growth delay. This easy-to-use atlas and the related App will be invaluable for radiologists, endocrinologists, and pediatricians and also relevant to forensic physicians.

A Bayesian Approach to the Estimation of Adult Skeletal Age: Assessing the Facility of Multifactorial and Three-dimensional Methods to Improve Accuracy of Age Estimation

A Bayesian Approach to the Estimation of Adult Skeletal Age: Assessing the Facility of Multifactorial and Three-dimensional Methods to Improve Accuracy of Age Estimation
Author: Tammy S. Barette
Publisher:
Total Pages: 410
Release: 2007
Genre:
ISBN: 9781109984248

This study consists of two interconnected analyses: (1) examination of three-dimensional patterns of age-related skeletal deterioration of the pubic symphysis to identify proportional shifts in physical topography corresponding to age-at-death estimates, and (2) application of a Bayesian approach to formulation of a multifactorial standard aimed at increasing accuracy of estimating adult age from the skeleton.

Identified skeletal collections: the testing ground of anthropology?

Identified skeletal collections: the testing ground of anthropology?
Author: Charlotte Yvette Henderson
Publisher: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Total Pages: 198
Release: 2018-05-31
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1784918067

Human skeletons are widely studied in archaeological, anthropological and forensic settings to learn about the deceased. This book focusses on identified skeletal collections and discusses how and why collections were amassed and shows the vital role they play in improving methods and interpretations for archaeological and forensic research.

Accuracy Analysis of Common Adult Aging Methods Applied to Near Adult Human Skeletons

Accuracy Analysis of Common Adult Aging Methods Applied to Near Adult Human Skeletons
Author: Leslie N. Mersch
Publisher:
Total Pages: 84
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

Aging individuals from the skeleton is a fundamental part of forensic anthropology and is achieved by examining the age-related morphology of various bony elements. Reliable age estimation methods are available for juveniles, in the forms of molar eruption and epiphyseal fusion (Coqueugniot and Weaver 2007; Rissech et al. 2007; Cunha et al. 2009; Anderson, Anderson and Wescott 2010; Ubelaker 2010). Aging methods available for adult individuals rely on macroscopic degenerative changes within specific elements (Krogman 1986; Scheur and Black 2004; White and Folkens 2005; Anderson, Anderson and Wescott 2010). The intermediate age range of near adults (ages 15-25 years) is the focus of this study, as they have not reached complete skeletal maturation, yet are often subjected to the aging methods created for adult individuals. The primary objective of this research was to apply three primary adult aging methods (Iscan and Loth 1984, 1985; Lovejoy and Meindl, 1985; Brooks and Suchey 1990) to skeletons between the ages of 15 and 25 years in order to test the accuracy of adult methods on a near adult population. The use of multifactorial methods was expected to create higher accuracy compared to the singular age estimation methods. Morphologies of the near adult skeleton were examined for their potential in age estimation, and select variables in the original methods were modified to increase usability on a near adult population. Thirty-two skeletons (ages 15 to 25 years) with known age and ancestry were examined from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection. Age estimation methods were performed on the individuals, including the Iscan and Loth (1984, 1985) sternal fourth rib end method, Suchey-Brooks (1990) pubic symphysis method, and Lovejoy and Meindl (1985) auricular surface method. An independent analysis of molar eruption and epiphyseal fusion was also performed. Based on the results of the aging methods, estimated age ranges for each individual were created and tested against the collection ages by using a Student's Paired t-test, calculations of inaccuracy and bias, Chi-square analyses, and bivariate analyses using least squares regression. The results indicate support for the hypothesis that the rib, pubic symphysis, and auricular surface method are less accurate on a near adult population, especially when tested against multifactorial methods such as the combined rib, pubic symphysis, and auricular surface, the combined independent age factor, and the combined age from all methods. These multifactorial methods as well as the age estimates based on modifications to the original methods proved to be superior predictors of age. The greatest limitation of the study is the small sample size, and future research on aging near adult populations should aim to use a larger sample with a more robust distribution of each age in the near adult age range. Modifications to the rib, pubic symphysis and auricular surface methods should be included in the original methods for use on near adult individuals.