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| Author | : Cem Karayalcin |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 30 |
| Release | : 2015-04-30 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484350057 |
The process of economic development is characterized by substantial reallocations of resources across sectors. In this paper, we construct a multi-sector model in which there are barriers to the movement of labor from low-productivity traditional agriculture to modern sectors. With the barrier in place, we show that improvements in productivity in modern sectors (including agriculture) or reductions in transportation costs may lead to a rise in agricultural employment and through terms-oftrade effects may harm subsistence farmers if the traditional subsistence sector is larger than a critical level. This suggests that policy advice based on the earlier literature needs to be revised. Reducing barriers to mobility (through reductions in the cost of skill acquisition and institutional changes) and improving the productivity of subsistence farmers needs to precede policies designed to increase the productivity of modern sectors or decrease transportation costs.
| Author | : Shashank Shekhar Solankey |
| Publisher | : BoD – Books on Demand |
| Total Pages | : 182 |
| Release | : 2020-06-17 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1838805125 |
Urban horticulture is a means of utilizing every little space available in cities amidst buildings and other constructions for growing plants. It utilizes this space to raise gardens that can be economically productive while contributing to environmental greening. It can boost food and ornamental plants production, provide job opportunities, promote green space development, waste recycling, and urban landscaping, and result in improved environment. This book covers a wide array of topics on this subject and constitutes a valuable reference guide for students, professors, researchers, builders, and horticulturists concerned with urban horticulture, city planning, biodiversity, and the sustainable development of horticultural resources.
| Author | : Philippe Aghion |
| Publisher | : London : Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 1990 |
| Genre | : Economic development |
| ISBN | : 9780771411168 |
This paper develops a model based on Schumpeter's process of creative destruction. It departs from existing models of endogenous growth in emphasizing obsolescence of old technologies induced by the accumulation of knowledge and the resulting process or industrial innovations. This has both positive and normative implications for growth. In positive terms, the prospect of a high level of research in the future can deter research today by threatening the fruits of that research with rapid obsolescence. In normative terms, obsolescence creates a negative externality from innovations, and hence a tendency for laissez-faire economies to generate too many innovations, i.e too much growth. This "business-stealing" effect is partly compensated by the fact that innovations tend to be too small under laissez-faire. The model possesses a unique balanced growth equilibrium in which the log of GNP follows a random walk with drift. The size of the drift is the average growth rate of the economy and it is endogenous to the model ; in particular it depends on the size and likelihood of innovations resulting from research and also on the degree of market power available to an innovator.
| Author | : Mr.Stijn Claessens |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 40 |
| Release | : 2012-01-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1463939027 |
This paper introduces a comprehensive database on bank ownership for 137 countries over 1995-2009, and reviews foreign bank behavior and impact. It documents substantial increases in foreign bank presence, with many more home and host countries. Current market shares of foreign banks average 20 percent in OECD countries and 50 percent elsewhere. Foreign banks have higher capital and more liquidity, but lower profitability than domestic banks do. Only in developing countries is foreign bank presence negatively related with domestic credit creation. During the global crisis foreign banks reduced credit more compared to domestic banks, except when they dominated the host banking systems.
| Author | : Elena B. Zavyalova |
| Publisher | : Springer Nature |
| Total Pages | : 450 |
| Release | : 2021-08-09 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 3030754057 |
This book reflects the futuristic scientific view of the consequences of transition to Industry 4.0 for climate change. The authors present a systemic overview of the current negative consequences of digitization for the environment, new outlines of the energy sphere in Industry 4.0 and the change of the environment pollution level in Industry 4.0. The book also analyses the ecological consequences of growth and development of Industry 4.0, and considers Industry 4.0 as an alternative to fighting climate change. The book presents a view on fighting climate change in Industry 4.0 from the positions of shifting the global community’s attention from environment protection to formation of the digital economy. A logical continuation of this book is a view from the opposite side, which would allow reflecting the contribution of Industry 4.0 into fighting climate change and the perspectives of harmonization of these top-priority directions of the global economy’s development. This book will be of interest to academics and practitioners interested in climate change and development of Industry 4.0, as well contributing to a national economic policy for fighting climate change and corporate strategies of sustainable development in Industry 4.0.
| Author | : Brem Alexander |
| Publisher | : World Scientific |
| Total Pages | : 400 |
| Release | : 2019-03-22 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1786346532 |
Managing Innovation is a three-part series covering contemporary technology and innovation management research areas. Each volume comprises key articles from both the International Journal of Innovation Management and the International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, published by World Scientific, and provides an international, disciplinary approach across its broad coverage of topics.Relevant for both academics and practitioners, this volume answers how organisations can develop innovative approaches from a perspective that encompasses technological advances, changes in the market and individual entrepreneurs.
| Author | : Elena G. Popkova |
| Publisher | : Springer Nature |
| Total Pages | : 521 |
| Release | : 2021-10-06 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 3030772918 |
Social entrepreneurship is one of the most controversial actualities of the modern economy. On the one hand, social entrepreneurship makes up for "market failures" and prevents the deficit of socially essential goods and services in the marketplace, acting as their supplier. On the other hand, the survival of social entrepreneurship in an aggressive market environment is a challenging task, the fulfilment of which may distort the original essence of social entrepreneurship. Comprising a collection of research presented at the International Scientific Conference Advanced Issues on Social Entrepreneurship, this contributed volume offers a global economic analysis of social entrepreneurship. Whilst social entrepreneurship is indispensable to the modern economy, the current controversial model of its organization means it cannot fully accomplish its mission. This book offers potential solutions to this problem with the global and national strategies of economic growth and social progress. It includes a focus on emerging markets, in which the role of social entrepreneurship is especially high. This book is aimed at scholars and students who are interested in social entrepreneurship and corporate economics, and practitioners involved in this field. It will also be of interest to policy makers in the development and implementation of a national economic policy for support for social entrepreneurship in emerging markets.
| Author | : Daniel Lederman |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 35 |
| Release | : 2005 |
| Genre | : Innovacion y desarrollo |
| ISBN | : 2005111716 |
"The authors present a database of indicators of innovative activity around the world since the early 1960s. The data include measures of innovation outcomes as well as variables related to innovation effort. The main indicator of innovation outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and technical personnel (engineers, scientists) working in R&D activities. The sources of these data are publicly available (OECD, UNESCO, etc.), yet there have been few attempts at double checking the consistency of these data and digitizing observations dating back to the 1960s. After discussing the sources and definitions of the data, the authors examine trends and patterns of innovation outputs and inputs by looking at the over-time behavior of the relevant series and comparing the performance of developing and high-income countries. They also provide cross-regional comparisons and a detailed examination of trends in selected countries. In turn, the authors provide estimates of the impact of innovation on long-run development by following an emerging empirical literature on the determinants of levels of GDP per capita. The econometric results suggest that innovation might indeed have strong positive effects on long-run development, which might be stronger than the direct effects of institutions. The analysis pays close attention to issues related to the potential endogeneity of innovation (and institutions) with respect to the level of development. "--World Bank web site.
| Author | : Vida Česnuitytė |
| Publisher | : Springer Nature |
| Total Pages | : 429 |
| Release | : 2022-01-21 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 3030868974 |
This open access book considers the development of the sharing and collaborative economy with a European focus, mapping across economic sectors, and country-specific case studies. It looks at the roles the sharing economy plays in sharing and redistribution of goods and services across the population in order to maximise their functionality, monetary exchange, and other aspects important to societies. It also looks at the place of the sharing economy among various policies and how the contexts of public policies, legislation, digital platforms, and other infrastructure interrelate with the development and function of the sharing economy. The book will help in understanding the future (sharing) economy models as well as to contribute in solving questions of better access to resources and sustainable innovation in the context of degrowth and growing inequalities within and between societies. It will also provide a useful source for solutions to the big challenges of our times such as climate change, the loss of biodiversity, and recently the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). This book will be of interest to academics and students in economics and business, organisational studies, sociology, media and communication and computer science.
| Author | : Hippolyte Fofack |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 34 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Since the industrial revolution, advances in science and technology have continuously accounted for most of the growth and wealth accumulation in leading industrialized economies. In recent years, the contribution of technological progress to growth and welfare improvement has increased even further, especially with the globalization process which has been characterized by exponential growth in exports of manufactured goods. This paper establishes the existence of a technology trap in Sub-Saharan Africa. It shows that the widening income and welfare gap between Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of world is largely accounted for by the technology trap responsible for the poverty trap. This result is supported by empirical evidence which suggests that if countries in Sub-Saharan Africa were using the same level of technology enjoyed by industrialized countries income levels in Sub-Saharan Africa would be significantly higher. The result is robust, even after controlling for institutional, macroeconomic instability and volatility factors. Consistent with standard one-sector neoclassical growth models, this suggests that uniform convergence to a worldwide technology frontier may lead to income convergence in the spherical space. Overcoming the technology trap in Sub-Saharan Africa may therefore be essential to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and evolving toward global convergence in the process of economic development.
