This outstanding work is a manual that enables one to identify pupae, or empty pupal skins, of about two thirds (some 2,600 species) of the Central European Lepidoptera. The text part of about 560 pages comprises a short introduction, identification keys, and species-for species accounts including succinct descriptions of pupal morphology as well as information about habitats, life-style and food plants. Lepidoptera Pupae of Central Europe should be useful for anyone with a primary interest in Central European Lepidoptera. It will also be indispensable for population ecologists studying predators and parasites of Lepidoptera, for soil biologists (since so many Lepidoptera pupate in/on the soil), and for applied entomologists in need of identifying lepidopteran pests without rearing the adults. All families are well covered except for the Nepticulidae and Coleophoridae, for which much basic research on pupal stucture still remains to be done (and whose immatures are usually identifiable from mine architecture/case structure anyway) and a few of the smallest families. The print edition is available as a set of two volumes (9788788757477).