This volume presents 38 papers (the majority in English) from the 3rd symposium of the International Study Group on Music Archaeology held at Michaelstein Monastery in 2002, with an additional six papers honouring Ellen Hickmann. Divided into five sections, the contributions discuss: the universals of ancient music; the methodology of music archaeology; traditions and the cultural memory; musical instruments in traditional contexts and constructions; the written evidence. The case studies cover a broad geographical range, encompassing the Near and Middle East, Asia, Australia, prehistoric and medieval Europe, Greece and Rome, the Americas and Egypt. Twenty-seven papers in English, one in French, the rest in German.