The Electrodeposition of Composite Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

The Electrodeposition of Composite Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvents
Author: Khalid El Ttaib
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2011
Genre:
ISBN:

Composite materials are important for their improved strength and wear resistance compared to pure materials. Metal composites have been electrodeposited from aqueous solutions although the instability of colloidal dispersions makes it difficult to obtain reproducible composite compositions. In this thesis metal composites are prepared using Deep Eutectic Solvents, DESs, which are a type of ionic liquid. The electro-deposition of copper and copper composites from DESs based on ethylene glycol and urea were investigated. The mass transport in both electrolytes was found to be diffusion controlled. The mechanism of copper nucleation is studied using chronoamperometry and it is shown that 3D progressive nucleation leads to bright nanostructure deposits. It was found that dispersed colloidal particles are stable over a prolonged period of time in DESs. This work uses an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) to monitor both the current efficiency and the inclusion of inert particles into the copper co-deposits. The technique showed the majority of second phase was dragged onto the surface instead of sedimented. The effect of the addition of surfactants was also studied. DESs were also used in the electro-deposition of silver composites with alumina and silicon carbide. It was found that improved mechanical properties such as hardness and wear resistance could be obtained. The addition of LiF to the Type 3 deep eutectic solvents was also found to further improve the quality of the mechanical properties and led to smoother surfaces with lower friction coefficients. The final part of this study involved the deposition of nickel composites with the aim of producing coatings with hardness similar to chromium. The addition of organic additives as brighteners (ethylene diamine) leads to smooth and bright finishes. Two types of composites were added to the nickel electrolytes; SiC 1-3[mu]m and Teflon [mu]m. The surface morphology was found to change with particle size and type. The mechanical properties were studied and found to be affected by the type and the concentration of particulate incorporated in the nickel deposits.

Ionic Liquids

Ionic Liquids
Author: Scott Handy
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Total Pages: 608
Release: 2017-02-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9535129015

Ionic liquids, including the newer subcategory of deep eutectic solvents, continue to attract a great deal of research attention in an even increasing number of areas, including traditional areas such as synthesis (organic and materials), electrochemistry, and physical property studies and predictions, as well as less obvious areas such as lubrication and enzymatic transformations. In this volume, recent advances in a number of these different areas are reported and reviewed, thus granting some appreciation for the future that ionic liquid research holds and affording inspiration for those who have not previously considered the application of ionic liquids in their area of interest.

Nucleation and Growth in Applied Materials

Nucleation and Growth in Applied Materials
Author: Manuel Eduardo Palomar-Pardavé
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 258
Release: 2024-01-18
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0323995381

Nucleation and Growth in Applied Materials covers fundamental aspects of thermodynamics and kinetics, nucleation and growth phenomena occurring during materials processing and synthesis in engineering of materials. Theoretical and practical approaches used to identify and quantify nucleation are analyzed. These approaches can be used to explain the relationship of the physical properties of the material with nucleation and growth processes. Sections cover modern methods such as SEM, TEM, EBSD microtexture, X-ray macrotexture and modeling and simulation (Monte Carlo, Molecular dynamic simulation, machine learning, etc.). Based on these observations, their applications in engineering materials and processes are discussed. Moreover, methodology (experimental and modeling) of nucleation and growth of metals and other materials from aqueous and nonaqueous solvents using electrochemical means are reviewed. Although nucleation and growth are well-studied processes in materials, the quantification of the number of nuclei during these processes are complicated. A key aim of the book is to systematize information and share knowledge about the nucleation and growth phenomena occurring in different engineering processes related to materials science and engineering. Provides the key principles and definitions to understanding nucleation and growth processes in materials and the relationship between these processes and bulk material properties Describes criteria for nucleation in different materials and methods for quantification, materials characterization and modeling Discusses materials design strategies to apply understanding of materials chemical composition and structure to the improvement of material properties and creation of new materials

Electrodeposition of Alloys

Electrodeposition of Alloys
Author: Abner Brenner
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 735
Release: 2013-10-22
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1483223116

Electrodeposition of Alloys: Principles and Practice, Volume I covers the general and theoretical aspects of the electrodeposition of alloy containing silver and/or copper. This book is organized into three parts encompassing 21 chapters. The first part considers first the history of electrodeposition, the applications of electrodeposited alloys, and the practical considerations involved in electrodeposition. This part also deals with the effect of operating variables on composition of electrodeposited alloys, and the physico-chemical properties of the alloy. The second part focuses on the theoretical aspects of alloy electrodeposition. This part includes discussions on the role of cathode diffusion layer, the effects of complexing agents, and the concept of alloy plating. The third part discusses the practical aspects of the electrodeposition of alloys, focusing primarily on the electrodeposition of alloys from aqueous solutions. This part examines first brass and bronze plating, followed by the electrodeposition of copper-tin, silver, and iron containing alloys. This book is directed toward electrochemists and researchers.

Electrodeposition of Alloys from Deep Eutectic Solvents

Electrodeposition of Alloys from Deep Eutectic Solvents
Author: Abubakr Ibrahim Alhaji
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2012
Genre:
ISBN:

Thin films of copper alloys are of interest for electronic applications. These are routinely produced by electrodeposition using aqueous solutions. The solvent strongly affects composition and morphology of the deposit which consequently affects the electrical and mechanical properties. The novelty of this thesis is that copper alloys are deposited from Deep Eutectic Solvents, DESs, which are forms of ionic liquids. The work shows that novel morphologies and compositions can be obtained using this approach. The electrodeposition of copper alloys is described from a solution of the metal salts in choline chloride based ionic liquids using urea and ethylene glycol as hydrogen bond donors. The thesis is split into three sections focussing on Cu alloys with Ag, Sn and P. These were chosen for their different phase behaviour. It is shown that the composition and morphology can be varied by altering the deposition potential and copper ion concentration of the plating bath. A variety of analytical techniques have been used to probe the deposition of these alloys. Although many of these are relatively standard for such studies this project uses an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) for the first time to determine alloy composition in real time. From this data, the two systems Cu-Ag and Cu-Sn are shown to be close to 100% current efficiency, but the Cu-P does not fellow this trend. Analysis of the chronoamperometric transient behaviour during electrodeposition suggests that pure copper electrodeposition proceeds via three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation with diffusion-controlled growth. However, the deposition of most alloys does not fit either progressive or instantaneous nucleation models well. The alloy phases formed during deposition were analysed using X-ray diffraction and the surface morphologies and the compositions of the electrodeposited Cu alloys were analysed using SEM/EDAX. Thin films of Cu and Cu-P were electroformed onto Ti substrates and then peeled off. The mechanical properties of these films were tested and it was found that the incorporation of phosphorous was found to have a significant effect on the stress-strain curves. The final part of this study involved the dissolution of copper using cyclic voltammetry and EQCM and it was shown that diffusion of the chloride ligand to the electrode limits the rate of the anodic process.

Metal Electrodeposition

Metal Electrodeposition
Author: Magdalena Nuñez
Publisher: Nova Publishers
Total Pages: 226
Release: 2005
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9781594544569

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions. In a world short of energy sources yet long on energy use, electrochemistry is a critical component of the mix necessary to keep the world economies growing. Electrochemistry is involved with such important applications as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion studies, hydrogen energy conversion, and bioelectricity. Research on electrolytes, cells, and electrodes is within the scope of this old but extremely dynamic field. This book details advances in metal electrodeposition.

Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications

Nanophotocatalysis and Environmental Applications
Author: Inamuddin
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 336
Release: 2019-03-14
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3030106098

This book serves the environmentalists to track the development of photocatalytic materials and technology in the present context and to explore future trends. Photocatalysis is the most influential greener technology being researched, developed and adopted for the treatment of wastewater. The technological advancements in the area of smart hybrid photocatalytic materials have gained momentum in the present era. The rational designing of photocatalytic materials with a multi-pronged approach opens a new chapter for environmental detoxification. Other important aspects relate to the transfer of this nanostructured photocatalytic technology to real backdrops. Harnessing natural solar energy for energy and environmental roles is another crucial criterion in designing photocatalysts.

Deep Eutectic Solvents

Deep Eutectic Solvents
Author: Diego J. Ramón
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 384
Release: 2020-01-13
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3527345183

A useful guide to the fundamentals and applications of deep eutectic solvents Deep Eutectic Solvents contains a comprehensive review of the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an environmentally benign alternative reaction media for chemical transformations and processes. The contributors cover a range of topics including synthesis, structure, properties, toxicity and biodegradability of DESs. The book also explores myriad applications in various disciplines, such as organic synthesis and (bio)catalysis, electrochemistry, extraction, analytical chemistry, polymerizations, (nano)materials preparation, biomass processing, and gas adsorption. The book is aimed at organic chemists, catalytic chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, biochemists, electrochemists, and others involved in the design of eco-friendly reactions and processes. This important book: -Explores the promise of DESs as an environmentally benign alternative to hazardous organic solvents -Covers the synthesis, structure, properties (incl. toxicity) as well as a wide range of applications -Offers a springboard for stimulating critical discussion and encouraging further advances in the field Deep Eutectic Solvents is an interdisciplinary resource for researchers in academia and industry interested in the many uses of DESs as an environmentally benign alternative reaction media.

Advanced Applications of Ionic Liquids

Advanced Applications of Ionic Liquids
Author: Jamal Akhter Siddique
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 569
Release: 2022-11-02
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0323984002

Advanced Applications of Ionic Liquids discusses the intersection of nanotechnology with ionic liquids (ILs) and materials, along with opportunities for advanced engineering applications in various research fields. Novel materials at nano scales with ILs creates an upsurge in the thermal and electrochemical constancy of the nano scale particles, making them ideal for industrial applications. The implementation of ILs at nano scale includes an interaction of constituents, which is beneficial for electron transfer reactions. These new composites can be implemented as sensors, electronics, catalysts and photonics. Including ILs in polymer composites enhance electrochemical consistency, govern particle size, upsurge conductivity, reduce toxicity, and more. This book is a comprehensive reference for researchers working with IL based technologies for environmental and energy applications. Covers all industrial aspects and advanced applications of ionic liquids (ILs) Discusses the advanced applications of ILs across multiple fields, including industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Includes a discussion of the use of ionic liquids in functional polymers, with applications for catalysis, energy conservation, sensors, and more