The Economic Effects Of Ozone On Us Agriculture
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Author | : Scott A. Hamilton |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 168 |
Release | : 1985 |
Genre | : Agriculture |
ISBN | : |
Tropospheric ozone is a pollutant which has detrimental effects on crop yields. The level of ambient ozone can be reduced by environmental policy changes and enforcement. The purpose of this study was to estimate the welfare effects of such changes in ambient ozone using recently available plant response data and an economically consistent approach. A 25 percent reduction in ambient ozone was estimated to increase total welfare by approximately $1.7 billion. About 40% of the benefits accrue to producers, 25 percent to domestic consumers and 35 percent to foreign consumers. These benefits estimates do not consider compliance costs. A variety of changes in ambient ozone are considered for ranges of crop sensitivity. The analysis was conducted using a mathematical programming sector model of the u.s. agriculture. The model is a long-run equilibrium model encompassing regional production of the major crops and livestock products, as well as processing and export activities. Proposals for improving the performance of sector models were examined. Alternative methods for incorporating aggregate response assumptions were found to have little effect on estimates of total welfare changes but had important consequences for the distributional effects between producers and consumers. An empirically based attempt to identify an appropriate producer response assumption was not successful due to problems inherent in validating sector models. The theoretically preferred response assumptions were incorporated in the sector model.
Author | : Richard M. Adams |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 175 |
Release | : 1984 |
Genre | : Agriculture |
ISBN | : |
Author | : David McKee |
Publisher | : CRC Press |
Total Pages | : 350 |
Release | : 1993-10-25 |
Genre | : Nature |
ISBN | : 9780873714754 |
Tropospheric ozone has long been recognized as a major environmental concern. Levels of ozone concentration have grown dramatically and the effects of ozone exposure have been examined in virtually thousands of studies worldwide. This timely new reference presents the state of the art in ozone regulation, human health effects, agricultural implications, and the economics of ozone reduction. Tropospheric Ozone guides you through the history of air pollution legislation and cites government initiatives to reduce ozone emissions. Ozone concentration data is supplied for a variety of geographic regions in examining the causes of ozone concentration and its potential effects on human populations, crops, and forests. Important issues such as crop yield, plant growth, and crop losses due to exposure are addressed, which will help develop an understanding of the economic implications of agricultural damage. New information is presented regarding risk assessment and human monitoring studies. EPA guidelines are reviewed, and potential health problems associated with ozone exposure are discussed in a practical, informative format. This valuable reference will benefit air pollution engineers, environmental consultants, government agency employees, regulators, industry professionals, health professionals, crop and soil scientists, environmental health and safety professionals, risk assessment professionals, and students in the environmental sciences.
Author | : OECD |
Publisher | : OECD Publishing |
Total Pages | : 120 |
Release | : 2016-06-09 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : 9264257470 |
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic consequences of outdoor air pollution in the coming decades, focusing on the impacts on mortality, morbidity, and changes in crop yields as caused by high concentrations of pollutants.
Author | : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 160 |
Release | : 1982 |
Genre | : Agricultural ecology |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Xiaodu Wang |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 148 |
Release | : 2005 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
(cont.) In a scenario where greenhouse gas emissions are controlled, the consumption loss is reduced by 28%, 33%, and 23% for the US, the EU and China by 2050, respectively. Therefore, ozone pollution policy and climate policy (because it reduces ozone precursor emissions) are both effective in reducing ozone damages considerably.
Author | : Mark Phillips |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 28 |
Release | : 1987 |
Genre | : Plants |
ISBN | : |
Author | : National Research Council |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 340 |
Release | : 2015-06-17 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 030930783X |
How we produce and consume food has a bigger impact on Americans' well-being than any other human activity. The food industry is the largest sector of our economy; food touches everything from our health to the environment, climate change, economic inequality, and the federal budget. From the earliest developments of agriculture, a major goal has been to attain sufficient foods that provide the energy and the nutrients needed for a healthy, active life. Over time, food production, processing, marketing, and consumption have evolved and become highly complex. The challenges of improving the food system in the 21st century will require systemic approaches that take full account of social, economic, ecological, and evolutionary factors. Policy or business interventions involving a segment of the food system often have consequences beyond the original issue the intervention was meant to address. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System develops an analytical framework for assessing effects associated with the ways in which food is grown, processed, distributed, marketed, retailed, and consumed in the United States. The framework will allow users to recognize effects across the full food system, consider all domains and dimensions of effects, account for systems dynamics and complexities, and choose appropriate methods for analysis. This report provides example applications of the framework based on complex questions that are currently under debate: consumption of a healthy and safe diet, food security, animal welfare, and preserving the environment and its resources. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System describes the U.S. food system and provides a brief history of its evolution into the current system. This report identifies some of the real and potential implications of the current system in terms of its health, environmental, and socioeconomic effects along with a sense for the complexities of the system, potential metrics, and some of the data needs that are required to assess the effects. The overview of the food system and the framework described in this report will be an essential resource for decision makers, researchers, and others to examine the possible impacts of alternative policies or agricultural or food processing practices.
Author | : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 207 |
Release | : 2018-06-18 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 0309471699 |
Climate change poses many challenges that affect society and the natural world. With these challenges, however, come opportunities to respond. By taking steps to adapt to and mitigate climate change, the risks to society and the impacts of continued climate change can be lessened. The National Climate Assessment, coordinated by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is a mandated report intended to inform response decisions. Required to be developed every four years, these reports provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date evaluation of climate change impacts available for the United States, making them a unique and important climate change document. The draft Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report reviewed here addresses a wide range of topics of high importance to the United States and society more broadly, extending from human health and community well-being, to the built environment, to businesses and economies, to ecosystems and natural resources. This report evaluates the draft NCA4 to determine if it meets the requirements of the federal mandate, whether it provides accurate information grounded in the scientific literature, and whether it effectively communicates climate science, impacts, and responses for general audiences including the public, decision makers, and other stakeholders.
Author | : Shanthi Nataraj |
Publisher | : Rand Corporation |
Total Pages | : 119 |
Release | : 2013-12-20 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : 0833083996 |
This report assesses what evidence exists for the ways in which local air quality could influence local economic growth and how those effects might be relevant to the Pittsburgh region.